Science 9 - Unit 3: Environmental Chemistry

Fill in the Blanks for the Carbon Cycle:

Dead and decaying organisms release carbon dioxide nitrogen oxide nitrates sulfur dioxide( carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrates, sulfur dioxide ) into the soil. It gets into fossil fuels groundwater( fossil fuels, groundwater ). The carbon dioxide nitrogen oxide nitrates sulfur dioxide( carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, nitrates, sulfur dioxide ) is taken back out of the soil through ocean uptake and factories dead organisms factories and cars( ocean uptake and factories, dead organisms, factories and cars ). Then it is absorbed back into plants animals( plants, animals ) for photosynthesis.

Fill in the Blanks for the Water Cycle:

Water is evaporated boiled absorbed( evaporated, boiled, absorbed ) into the atmosphere in the form of water vapour water fog dihydrogen monoxide( water vapour, water fog, dihydrogen monoxide ). It is also transpired absorbed evaporated( transpired, absorbed, evaporated ) from plants. The water then condenses sublimates freezes( condenses, sublimates, freezes ) into liquid gaseous solid( liquid, gaseous, solid ) water. It falls to the ground in the form of precipitation rain snow hail/sleet( precipitation, rain, snow, hail/sleet ). The water then soaks into surface water and groundwater sewers forests( groundwater, sewers, forests ).

Fill in the Blanks for the Nitrogen Cycle:

Nitrogen in the atmosphere gets into the soil through lightning rain acid rain( lightning, rain, acid rain ). It then gets rid of bacteria diseases enzymes( bacteria, diseases, enzymes ) living in plants. Nitrogen combines with ammonium proteins carbon sulfur( ammonium, proteins, carbon, sulfur ) to help with decomposition photosynthesis composition( decomposition, photosynthesis, composition ). Then the nitrogen would get back into the atmosphere through plants gravity( plants, gravity ).

Nitrogen fixation is the process of changing free combined liquid gaseous( free, combined, liquid, gaseous ) nitrogen to be able to combine with other elements that organisms bacteria plants humans( organisms, bacteria, plants, humans ) can use.

Eg. Lightning Precipitation Respiration( Lightning, Precipitation, Respiration )

Pesticides control/kill help/assist encourages( control/kill, help/assist, encourages ) pests. A pest is an organism that harms people, crops or structures plants, dogs and sandwiches animals, plants and air people, animals or structures( people, crops or structures, plants, dogs and sandwiches, animals, plants and air, people, animals or structures ).

Insecticide - Controls insects plants/weeds fungi( insects, plants/weeds, fungi )
Herbicide - Controls plants/weeds insects fungi( plants/weeds, insects, fungi )
Fungicide - Controls fungi insects plants/weeds( fungi, insects, plants/weeds )

Solid waste Waste Compacted waste( Solid waste, Waste, Compacted waste ) is waste taken from businesses, institutions, and households. It is taken into landfills where it is incinerated frozen( incinerated, frozen ) and then put in a hole covered with plastic wrapping metal sheets stone bricks( plastic wrapping, metal sheets, stone bricks ) and is covered with clay sand granite dirt( clay, sand, granite, dirt ).

Sanitary landfills have a plastic metal brick( plastic, metal, brick ) lining, that is removed once the garbage has turned into non-polluting compounds antibacterial waste non-combustibles( non-polluting compounds, antibacterial waste, non-combustibles ).

Waste Water is water that has dissolved materials cleaners fertilizers dirt and grime( dissolved materials, cleaners, fertilizers, dirt and grime ) from businesses, institutions and households. It is also known as sewage rivers effluent( sewage, rivers, effluent ).

3 Stages of Wastewater Treatment:

Physical - Larger Smaller( Larger, Smaller ) material is filtered out by screens bacteria( screens, bacteria )
Biological - Smaller Larger( Smaller, Larger ) material is broken down by bacteria screens( bacteria, screens )
Chemical - Chemical Biological( Chemical, Biological ) cleaners are used

Rural areas use septic tanks sewage treatment plants( septic tanks, sewage treatment plants ) that break down wastewater and deposits it into the soil.
Urban areas use sewage treatment plants septic tanks( sewage treatment plants, septic tanks ) that treats and cleans wastewater, turning it into effluent sewage rivers( effluent, sewage, rivers ).

Fuel Combustion is when hydrocarbons carbohydrates dihydrogen carbonize( hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, dihydrogen carbonize )(hydrogen and carbon)combine with oxygen nitrogen carbon chemicals( oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, chemicals ) to produce energy sour gas sweet gas( energy, sour gas, sweet gas ).

Industrial Processes Machines Industrial Machines( Industrial Processes, Machines, Industrial Machines ) are procedures involving chemical, physical, electrical, mechanical steps to aid the manufacturing of items. One great example is factories campfire sewer( factories, campfire, sewer ).

A substance that is organic has carbon oxygen nitrogen iron( carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, iron ). Except for carbon dioxide and monoxide carbon dioxide carbon monoxide( carbon dioxide and monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide ).

Biological indicators Chemical indicators( Biological indicators, Chemical indicators ) are organisms that live in water that determine its quality quantity( quality, quantity ).
- Too many Too little( Too many, Too little ) microscopic organisms can cause problems
- Invertebrates Insects Vertebrates( Invertebrates, Insects, Vertebrates ) are a good example

Chemical Factors that Affect Water Quality:

- Amount of dissolved oxygen carbon dioxide dissolved carbon( dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, dissolved carbon )
- Acidity - Amount of hydrogen ions acid ions oxygen ions( hydrogen ions, acid ions, oxygen ions )
- Heavy metals(denser than 5 7 6 4( 5, 7, 6, 4 )g/cm3)
- Plant Nutrients(phosphorus and nitrogen (carbon and hydrogen (sulfur and iodide( (phosphorus and nitrogen, (carbon and hydrogen, (sulfur and iodide ) content)
- Toxicity - Amount of toxins hydrogen ions oxygen ions( toxins, hydrogen ions, oxygen ions )

LD50 is:

Amount of a substance that will cause a 50 55 45 25 93( 50, 55, 45, 25, 93 )% chance to die if given a certain dosage. It is based on mass weight speed immunity( mass, weight, speed, immunity ).

Acidity is just the measure of hydrogen helium oxygen carbon( hydrogen, helium, oxygen, carbon ) ions. Acids are positive negative( positive, negative ) while the bases are negative positive( negative, positive ).

pH is the measure of acidity. It goes from 0 1 5 7( 0, 1, 5, 7 ) - 14 15 10 20( 14, 15, 10, 20 ), with 14 15 20 10( 14, 15, 20, 10 ) being the strongest base and 0 1 14 7( 0, 1, 14, 7 ) being the strongest acid. 7 8 10 9( 7, 8, 10, 9 ) is neutral. pH is a base-10 12 6 8( 10, 12, 6, 8 ) system.

Blue Litmus: It turns blue red( blue, red ) when neutral and base, turns red blue( red, blue ) when it's an acid
Red Litmus: It turns red blue( red, blue ) when neutral or acid, turns blue red( blue, red ) when it's a base
Bromothymol Blue: Turns yellow clear blue red( yellow, clear, blue, red ) when it's an acid
Phenolphthalein: Turns red clear blue yellow( red, clear, blue, yellow ) when it's a base
Universal Indicator: Ranges from orange to purple black to white blue to red( orange to purple, black to white, blue to red )

Acid Precipitation: Precipitation that has a pH lower than 5.3 6.2 4.7 5.6( 5.3, 6.2, 4.7, 5.6 )
Caused by Greenhouse gases Oxygen Carbon dioxide( Greenhouse gases, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide ) mixing with rain

Acid Spring Shock: Sudden acidification of runoff water

Point Source: Chemical comes from one specific spot a large area( one specific spot, a large area )
Non-point Source: Chemical comes from a large area one specific spot( a large area, one specific spot )

Chemicals can get anywhere increase in concentration move long distances( get anywhere, increase in concentration, move long distances ) when they travel through the air.

Chemicals can move long distances increase in concentration( move long distances, increase in concentration ) in surface water. Chemicals increase in concentration move long distances get anywhere( increase in concentration, move long distances, get anywhere ) in groundwater.

Chemicals can increase in concentration get anywhere move long distances( increase in concentration, get anywhere, move long distances ) as they move through the soil.

Run-off: Excess water that flows over land surfaces, picking up dropping( picking up, dropping ) chemicals as it goes

Leaching: The chemicals that soak into the soil and move downward upward( downward, upward ), tends to spread out squeeze in( spread out, squeeze in )

Biomagnification: The increase decrease( increase, decrease ) in the concentration of a chemical as it moves up down( up, down ) the food chain

Ethical: Right or wrong What everyone wants( Right or wrong, What everyone wants )
Political: What everyone wants Right or wrong( What everyone wants, Right or wrong )
Economic: Best financially Best for nature( Best financially, Best for nature )
Environmental: Best for nature Best financially( Best for nature, Best financially )