Chapter 17: Human Health and Environmental Risks

What are the three major categories of risks that can harm human health?

What is a disease?

Which category of human health risks causes the most human deaths?

infectious diseases

Which six types of illnesses account for 94% of all deaths caused by infectious diseases?

chronic diseases

acute diseases

leading health risks for chronic disease of low income countries, from greatest risk to least

leading health risks for chronic disease of high income countries, from greatest risk to least

epidemic

pandemic

plague

malaria

tuberculosis

What happens when a patient does not take the prescribed dose of medicine for the full duration time?

emergent infectious diseases

AIDS

HIV

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever

Mad Cow disease

bird flu

West Nile Virus

How are diseases combated in low income countries?

How is disease combated in high income countries?

How is disease combated in both high and low income countries?

neurotoxins

carcinogens

mutagens

teratogens

allergens

endocrine disruptors

dose-response studies

What does a graph for a dose-response study generally look like?

LD50

sublethal effects

ED50

Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1996

How is the safe concentration of chemicals calculated for animals?

How is the safe concentration of chemicals calculated for humans?

chronic studies

epidemiology

retrospective studies

prospective studies

synergistic interactions

What factors determine the concentrations of chemicals that organisms experience?

routes of exposure

solubility

bioaccumulation

process of bioaccumulation

What factors does the rate of accumulation of a chemical in an organism depend on?

biomagnification

persistence

What factors determine a chemical's persistence?

How do scientists measure the persistence of a chemical

environmental hazard

risk assessment

qualitative risk assessment

perceived risk vs. actual risk

quantitative risk assessment

risk acceptance

risk management