Glossary:

Papacy - the Pope and the government of the Roman Catholic Church
Republic - a state in which power is held by the people or their representatives
Despot - a leader with unlimited power; a tyrant or oppressor
Oligarchy - a form of government in which a few people have the power
Court - the families, advisors, and other members of a royal or noble household
Urbanization - the movement of population away from the countryside and into cities
Value judgement - an opinion based on a person’s individual values and beliefs
City-states - a city that governs itself and the countryside surrounding it