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Designed for a university level exam in Developmental Psychology.

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Developmental Psychology - Newborns and Sensory-motor development

Pregunta 1 de 23

1

Selecciona la opción correcta del menú desplegable para completar el texto.

What is the main objective of a developmental theory? ( Describe the processes of development, Predict and explain change, Predict developmental stages )

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 23

1

Rellena el espacio en blanco para completar el texto.

EVOLUTION: Think of 2 key characteristics of mammals.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 23

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3

Which of the following are typical for primate infants, including humans, in comparison with other mammals?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Depending on mothers for up to four years

  • Extended juvenile stage

  • Eyes and ears not entirely shut at birth

  • Neural cell proliferation nearly complete at birth

  • Rather fast locomotor development

  • Rather slow locomotor development

  • Eyes and ears shut at birth

  • Quick language acquisition

  • Underdeveloped neural cell proliferation at birth

  • Almost fully independent after two years

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 23

1

Newborn's sight improves over the first 3 months

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 23

1

Infant's hearing starts with mainly lower frequencies and recognizing sounds from the womb. After birth, the frequency range expands and hearing development occurs over..

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The first 8 months

  • The first 14 months

  • The first 3 years

  • The first 7 years

  • The first 9 years

  • The first 14,5 years

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 23

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Auditory and visual tracking for orientation are innate skills to human infants

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 23

2

Name the following innate reflexes:

Clinging to hand

Changing direction of the head when rubbing a finger against their cheeck

Making walking movements when held up in the air

Clinging with foot

Clinging with arms and legs when being dropped

Trying to move themselves using arms and legs

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Palmar Reflex
    Rooting
    Stepping
    Plantar Reflex
    Moro Reflex
    Crawling

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 23

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1

MILESTONES!

Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 0-5 months after birth?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Stepping reflex

  • Mini Push-ups when on tummy

  • Bounce when held upright

  • Sit up

  • Crawl

  • Pull to sit or stand

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 23

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1

MILESTONES!

Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 6-10 months after birth?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Sit up

  • Crawl

  • Stand with support

  • Cruise

  • Mini push-ups when on tummy

  • Pull to a stand

  • Stand unsupported

  • First steps!

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 23

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1

MILESTONES!

Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 9-15 months after birth?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Pull to a stand

  • Stand unsupported

  • First steps!

  • Climb stairs with help

  • Kick a ball

  • Stand with support

  • Cruise

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 23

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MORE MILESTONES!

Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur within 16-18 months after birth?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Dance

  • Climb stairs with help

  • Walk backwards

  • Kick a ball

  • Jump from low step

  • First steps!

  • Run

  • Pull to stand

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 23

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1

EVEN MORE MILESTONES!

Which of the following motor development milestones tend to occur around 2 years after birth?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Run

  • Kick a ball

  • Jump from a low step

  • Jump high

  • Run backwards

  • Climb stairs with help

  • Climb stairs unsupported

  • Dance

  • Walk backwards

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 23

2

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Self-Locomotion

Crawling is the first step infants learn in self-locomation development. (True/False)
It occurs at around months (use numbers and signs such as '-' ).
After crawling, infants learn to walk using a toddling gait at around months.
Finally, nearly all infants are able to take steps independently by the age of months.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 23

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Dynamic Systems

Infant motor development was previously assigned to increased neurological maturity. Today most research take a Dynamic Systems approach.

Do you know what a Dynamic Systems approach is and what attractors are?
Make sure you know both what these are and what D.S. Theory suggests is the driving force behind development. [3 points]

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 23

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Which of the following statements is / are true about the role of Dynamic Systems theory within (developmental) Psychology research?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Dynamic Systems theory aims to explain how behaviour changes lawfully over time

  • Dynamic Systems theory emphasizes the 'when' is more important than the 'how' in development

  • Dynamic Systems theory states that assessment of development can only be done over time at different intervals

  • Dynamic Systems theory highlights the role of the researcher as an element in the dynamic system she is researching

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 23

2

Thelen did two classic experiments to research the 'disappearing' of the stepping reflex after 2 months with infants. Explain what her goal and set-up were, what the results were and how these fitted within Dynamic Systems theory. [2 points]

I you got it, press 'True'

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 23

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2

Reaching out

Which of the following statements are true about infant's development of reaching?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Depth perception needs to have nearly fully developed for an infant to perform a fully succesful reach

  • An infant's motivation is important to their reaching approach

  • After infants acquire the ability to sit straight, their reaches become quite stable

  • With experience, the reaches of infants start to show signs of anticipation

  • Soft assembly suggests reaching develops thoughout a mostly universal pattern of smaller steps

  • Infants can do perform succesful reaches before they are able to sit up straight

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 23

1

Soft Assembly

What is true of soft-assembly?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • It means that the development of motor abilities usually takes a slow process consisting of smaller movements that occur in a universal order

  • It means motor development is not a fixed sequence, but that it requires variation and that the order in which abilities 'come online' in infants differ

  • It means that the individual, smaller movements needed to perform a more complex movement are genetically encoded, but vary in order of occurance

  • It means individual components of a complex movement 'come online' in a pretty much universal order, but that the stimuli needed for a child to learn them vary

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 23

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In an experiment parents were asked to give infants sticky mitten time for 10/min a day for two weeks. The results compared to another group which made no use of sticky mittens showed no significant increasy in infants' reaching skills.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 23

1

Depth Perception and the Visual Cliff

How do you assess whether an infant develops depth perception before or after learning to crawl? Try to asnwer this for yourself first.

Then, answer the following: In the 1960s Gibson and Walk performed the Visual cliff experiment to assess toddler's ability to perceive depths. What did the results show?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Toddlers up until 1,5 years old have very little sense of depths regardless of crawling, and most of them would cross the cliff whatsoever

  • First, toddlers develop peripheral vision and then, after having learned how to crawl, their ability to perceive depth increases and they would no longer cross the cliff

  • Only infants who first learned how to crawl had developed both peripheral vision and depth perception and would be hesitant to cross the cliff (but the emotional imput of their caregivers might still persuade them)

  • Infants had an intuitive reluctance to cross the cliff, even before their depth perception had fully developed and they knew how to crawl

  • Only infants who first learned how to crawl had developed both peripheral vision and depth perception and none of them would cross the cliff anymore

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 23

1

Slopes

What did Karen Adolph and colleagues find?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Most toddlers who were cautious of slopes as crawlers would fall down all slopes when they started to walk

  • Toddlers who had learned to be cautious of slopes as crawlers were able to adapt this knowledge into walking quite fast

  • Up until about 1,5 years old all toddlers tended to have a poor sense of slopes and would fall down most of the slopes regardless of crawling or walking

  • Toddlers who first started to walk would need to hold onto a fence in order to transfer the information from their hands into their actions, as they had done when they were crawling

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 23

1

Which of the following is / are true?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Knowledge about slopes is behaviour-specific

  • New perceptual behaviours only emerge after an action becomes stable

  • Crawlers can not match their perceptual abilities to their action abilities

  • Since toddlers are in the beginning most dependent on their hands, the senses in their hands develop a lot faster than those in their feet

  • Toddlers already show an ability to generalize nowledge gained when learning one specific skill into learning a novel skill

  • Toddler's just like to go nuts

  • It is known that toddlers can detect steepness, but their vision needs to have fully developed before they can transfer it into action

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 23

1

Scale Errors

What is an infant most likely to do wrong?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Try to sit on a chair that is too small for them

  • Try to slide down a slide that is too small for them

  • Try to ride a bike that is too big for them

  • Try to eat a toy vegetable

Explicación

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