Bio-Molecules Review

List the types of biological molecules

[...] is the solvent in which the chemical reactions of living cells take place

What kind of bonding can water participate in?

What makes water the perfect solvent?

Define the effect of water molecules on polar molecules

Define the effect of water molecules on non-polar molecules

Detail what happens to boiling point as water molecules form hydrogen bonds

Detail the effects of hydrophobic molecules in water

Detail the effects of hydrophilic molecules in water

Separate from being a solvent, what ways can water act as a reactant or product?

Define hydrolysis

Define dehydration

Detail "Like dissolves" like

What are the defining characteristics shared by all lipids

List the three categorical roles of lipids

List the major groups of lipids

What leads to the energy storage of lipids?

What leads to the cellular organization and structure of lipids?

What leads to the provision of precursor molecules for vitamins and hormones of lipids?

Fatty acids have an [...] amount of carbons

Fatty acids are the building blocks for [...]

Which lipid acts as fuel for the body?

What are fatty acids the components of?

What are fatty acids comprised of?

What are the two types of fatty acids?

What type of carbon-carbon bonds do saturated fatty acids have?

What type of carbon-carbon bonds do unsaturated fatty acids have?

[...] of fatty acids liberates large amounts of [..] energy for a cell

Converse to energy liberation, what else can fatty acids be used for?

What allows fatty acids to store more energy pre gram than any other macromolecule?

In what form do most fats reach cells?

What other categories of lipids are sometimes referred to as fatty acids?

Detail Triacylglycerols

Define Adipocytes

What are phospholipids

What are phosphoglycerides

Where does the phosphate group lie in a phosphoglycerol

Define amphipathic

What makes phospholipids well suit as the major component of biological membranes?

Detail Glycolipids

Detail bilayer membranes with phospholipids

Detail Sphingolipids

Detail Sphingomyelin

Detail Steroids

Detail Terpenes

Detail Waxes

What are eicosanoids

How are lipids transported in blood?

Detail lipoproteins

How are lipoproteins classified?

What are the major classes of lipoporteins in humans?

Detail the major functions of lipids

*** How is genetic information a mechanism of regulation?

How is the genetic exhibition across living organisms?

How is the variation of nucleotide sequences in humans?

Why do the similarities in genetic information across living organisms exists?

How does the amount of uniformity in genomes of living organisms demonstrate itself in DNA?

From a genetics standpoint, what causes differences between organisms?

Define genome

What does reading the genome allow cellular machinery to do?

What is illustrated by he ability to alter the expression of genes in the genome?

Define epigenetics

What are some examples of epigenetics

What is the purpose of epigenetic control

What allows gene expression to adapt to changes in the organism's internal and external environment?

In addition to changing gene expression through an individual's lifetime, [...] and [...] can be passed down from one generation to the next

What is genetic sequence a set of

Define gene

Relate genes to traits

Define Trait

What is the function of the genome over the course of a cell's lifetime

Detail Central Dogma of gene expression

How do retroviruses store their information and express their genes

Three primary functions of geneic code

Define chromasomes

Why is the compact organization of chromosomes necessary?

What do chromosomes allow the genome to be?

What does a chromosome consist of

How are the sections of DNA not in used wrapped?

Detail histone structure

Detail nucelosome

What do nucelosomes wrap into?

What do solenoids wrap into?

Define chromatin

Detail how chromatin got its name

Is their variation in how chromatin is compact?

The cellular machinery that reads genetic code can only do so when chromatin is [...]

Define heterochromatin

Define constitutive heterochromatin

Define euchromatin

When is euchromatin coiled?

Define single copy DNA

What type of DNA to nucleotide sequencees that code for protein often contain?

What type of DNA is often found in non-coding regions of DNA

Define reptitive DNA

Where is DNA found in animals?

What highly regulates the coiling and uncoiling of chromatin?

What helps control which sections of DNA are tightly wound and which are accessible to cellular machinery?

What is the most common example of epigenetic regulation through chemical change

What can also control which coding sequences are unwound and transcribed?

Define DNA methylation

What does Methylation do to DNA

Relate methylated sections of DNA to cellular machinery and transcription

Define Non-Coding RNA

What does ncRNA do?

Relate genetics to how people become more prone to conditions such as asthma, obesity, and anxiety

What type and how many DNA are in the nucelus of a human somatic cell?

Chromatin associated with each of the 46 double stranded DNA in humans is wound into a [...]

Define homologues

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

Define diploid

Define haploid

What phase do cells spend a majority of their lives in?

What are the two processes genes undergo to make products?

Define transcription

What are the different types of RNA that different genes can code for

Which types of RNA are functional end products that serve important purposes in the cell

What type of RNA serves as the message that is translated for protein production?

What is the largest portion of RNA transcribed as?

Define translation

What is the purpose of transcription

Relate transcription to gene expression

What would happen if transcription did not exist and the whole genome was translatged directly to proteins?

What are the three stages of transcription

Detail initation in transcription