Steps for Resolving the Causality Problem

rival causal factors

spurious relationship

internal validity

external validity

history

maturation

testing (pretest bias)

instrumentation

statistical regression

selection bias

experimental mortality

selection-maturation interaction

testing effects

reactivity

multiple-treatment interference

Hawthorne Effect

halo-effect

post hoc error

placebo effect

double-blind experiment

research designs

experimental designs

Quasi-experimental designs

preexperimental designs

classical experimental design

equivalence

randomization

matching

pretest

post test

experimental group

control group

dualistic fallacy

time-series designs