A set of multiple protein coding genes that are transcribed into one RNA unit in prokaryotes

When lactose is not present, this molecule binds to the lac operator DNA, preventing transcription

When lactose is present, the repressor binds to this molecule instead of the lac operator DNA and becomes inactive.

This is the gene upstream of the lac operon that produces the repressor protein.

These are the three genes necessary for producing proteins that allow E.coli to utilize lactose.

During transcription, the promoter sequence is bound by these molecules.

During transcription, control elements close or far from the gene are bound by these molecules

These are the two types of control elements that bind either to an activator or repressor.

These three regulatory components are necessary for gene transcription to occur.

This post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism can make multiple distinct protein products from the same gene.

The process by which information encoded in a gene
is turned into a function.

Regulation of gene expression in this type of organism responds to changes in the environment.

Regulation of gene expression in this type of organism determines the functions of its cell types.

The process during which gene regulation most often occurs/primarily occurs.

Gene regulation occurs in order to control how much of this final product is made from each gene.

This type of mutation affects the individual only and not any future generations.

These are the three types of base substitution mutations that can occur.

These are environmental agents that can change the structure of DNA

Insertions and deletions that are not a multiple of 3 cause this type of mutation.

This type of mutation occurs when DNA polymerase makes a mistake during replication.

The enzyme that reads the DNA sequence of
the gene and synthesizes the RNA

This type of mutation does not affect the individual but DOES affect future generations.

DNA sequence at the start of the gene, where RNA
polymerase and many factors that regulate transcription bind

X-rays are examples of this type of environmental agent which can cause mutations.

The lac operon encodes the genes necessary for E.coli to use this type of sugar.

Describe the main process through which gene regulation occurs during RNA processing.

What is the name for an environmental agent that can induce DNA mutations? What are the two types.

Name the three steps of cell signaling in order.

What are the two mechanisms through which we can acquire different sets of activator proteins to be active in different cell types?

This is a a special type of paracrine
signaling that comes specifically from neurons.

What are two components essential to gene transcription that are required for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

Describe the conditions under which the repressor protein is bound to the operator sequence of the lac operon. What happens as a result of this binding?

Describe the conditions under which the lac repressor protein is bound by allolactose. Describe what happens as a result of the repressor being bound to allolactose.

These are the required elements for gene transcription to occur in eukaryotes.

Insertions and deletions can completely change the reading frame for a sequence. What is this type of mutation called?

What is the difference between missense, nonsense, and silent mutations?

Name the two types of cell mutations and describe their heritability.

What is the difference between spontaneous and induced mutations?

Describe the process of reception.

Match each phrase to the type of cell signaling it defines.
(1) This type of signaling occurs between cells in the same local area.
(2) between cells that are in direct contact.
(3) between cells throughout the body.

Name two common outcomes or responses as a result of signal reception and transduction.

What are three ways that a signal can be transduced?

These are cells from very early embryos are capable of becoming every cell type in the adult organism.

Cytoplasmic determinants are a mechanism for cell differentiation. Describe this process briefly.

How are cells replaced when they die?

Inductive signaling is a process for cell differentiation. Describe this process briefly.

This category of signaling molecules are used for endocrine signaling. What is the name of the category and how do they travel in the body?

At which point in the cell differentiation process does a cell become irreversibly committed to a cell type?

Muscle cell differentiation requires activation of this gene. What does this gene determine the precursor cell into?

What are the two types of receptor proteins? What kind of signaling molecules do they interact with?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following must be bound to the promoter in order to initiate transcription in eukaryotes?
- Specific Transcription Factors
- cAMP
- General Transcription Factors
- Activators

What is the term for homologous pairs coming together and forming the synaptonemal complex during early prophase?
- Bonding
- Centromere
- Synapse
- Pairing

If I start with a 2n = 16, then after meiosis 1, each cell will contain
- 16 chromosomes
- 8 chromosomes
- 4 chromosomes
- 32 chromosomes

What are a set of multiple protein coding genes that are transcribed into one RNA unit in prokaryotes
- Operon
- Operator
- Promoter
- Control Elements

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical mutagen?
- Gamma Rays
- Ionizing Radiation
- X-Rays
- Alcohol

Which term described the random orientation of homologous pairs when they line up in metaphase plate
- Crossing Over
- Mutations
- Variation
- Independent Assortment

Operons are also found in Eukaryotic cells
- True
- False

This bind to an enhancer region of control elements to increase transcription in eukaryotes
- Activator
- Enhancer
- Silencer
- Repressor

The lac operon encodes the genes necessary for E.coli to use this type of sugar
- Lactose
- Glucose
- Glycogen
- Cellulose

Which of the following lists the steps of cell signaling in order?
- Reception, Response, Transduction
- Transduction, Response, Reception
- Reception, Transduction, Response
- Response, Reception, Transduction

Mutation is the source of ALL genetic variation
- True
- False

This process refers to the receiving and responding to information from outside the cell
- Cell differentiation
- Cell communication
- Cell signaling
- Cell determination

Which enzyme’s activity is most often controlled as part of regulating gene expression?
- DNA polymerase
- tRNA
- Transcriptase
- RNA polymerase

Which of the following is a type of cell signaling that occurs between cells in direct contact?
- Juxtacrine
- Endocrine
- Paracrine
- Exocrine

This process refers to the interaction or binding of a signaling molecule to its receptor protein
- Response
- Transduction
- Reception
- Binding

There is NO interphase between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
- True
- False

The process in which change in gene expression, change in enzyme activity, or remodeling of cytoskeleton is initiated
- Transduction
- Reception
- Response
- Translation

Which term described the exchange of DNA between non-sibling chromatids during prophase 1
- Genetic inheritance
- Crossing over
- Chromosomal mutation
- Independent assortment

Which features of gene regulation do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?
- General transcription factors
- Enhancers and silencers
- Promoters and transcription start sites
- Specific transcription factors

Which of the following is incorrectly matched to its definition
- Locus : the address of a gene
- Allele : mutated version of a protein
- Gene : unit of heredity
- Allele : different version of a gene

This type of mutation affects the individual only, and not any future generations
- Somatic Cell Mutation
- Frameshift Mutation
- Germ Cell Mutation
- Base Substitution Mutation

A receptor protein found inside the cell that binds to a small, hydrophobic signaling molecule
- Intracellular receptor protein
- Integral receptor protein
- Intercellular receptor protein
- Hydrophobic receptor protein

Term that described signal amplification (passing of signal) in the cell after a signaling molecule binds to its receptor
- Translation
- Transduction
- Response
- Replication

During transcription, distal or proximal control elements from the gene are bound by these molecules
- General transcription factors
- Mediator complex
- Promoter sequence
- Specific transcription factors

Which is a type of cell signaling that occurs between cells in the same local area?
- Juxtacrine
- Paracrine
- Endocrine
- Exocrine

What type of base substitution mutation involves a base change in a codon that results in the same amino acid?
- Missense
- Nonsense
- Silent
- Non-silent

Phosphorylation cascade is an example of which step of cell signaling?
- Reception
- Transduction
- Response
- Differentiation

A signal binds to an integral membrane / extracellular receptor. How does that include transduction INSIDE the cell?
- The signaling molecule is expelled to the inside of the cell
- The signaling molecule crosses the cell brane and travels to the nucleus
- The receptor protein is expelled inside the cell
- The receptor protein changes conformation

Differential gene expression/cell differentiation as a result of cell signaling is called. . .
- Cytoplasmic determinism
- Mitosis
- Inductive signaling
- Meiosis

Paracrine signaling often involves growth and differentiation factors
- True
- False

Meiosis 2 and Mitosis are the same
- True
- False

Endocrine signaling usually involves ___ as the signaling molecule
- Gasses
- RNA
- Hormones
- DNA

Neurons diffuse neurotransmitters across a synapse to communicate. What kind of singaking is this an example of?
- Juxtacrine
- Paracrine
- Endocrine
- Exocrine

____ are capable of becoming every type of cell in the adult organism
- Embryonic stem cells
- Adult stem cells
- Multipotent stem cells
- Pluripotent stem cells

Which term describes the process through which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate normally?
- Crossing over
- Independent Assortment
- Mutations
- Nondisjunction

Integral membrane proteins/extracellular receptors are able to bind signaling molecules that. . .
- Cannot cross the cell membrane
- Are able to cross the cell membrane
- Are small and hydrophobic
- Have nuclear receptors

Which of the following is a type of gene regulation that occurs during RNA processing in eukaryotes?
- Binding of silencers
- Poly-A tail
- Alternative splicing
- Inactivation of promoter

In mitosis, activators or specific TFs which are found in cytosol get divided up into different cells. This is . . .
- Inductive signaling
- Meiosis
- Cytosolic division
- Cytoplasmic determinism

At which point during the cell differentiation process, does a cell become irreversibly committed to a cell type?
- Cell commission
- Cell shaping
- Cell differentiation
- Cell formation

___ are activated during transduction , diffuse through cells, and activate proteins or open channels.
- Kinases
- Phosphorylases
- Second messengers
- Signaling molecules

These mutations occur when environmental agents (mutagens) change the structure of DNA
- Insertion mutation
- Base substitution mutation
- Spontaneous mutation
- Induced mutations

When lactose is not present, transcription of the lac operon occurs
- True
- False

How can we get differential gene expression in cells?
- Different sets of activator proteins
- Different sets of genes
- Different sets of promoter sequences
- Different sets of predeterminators

Kinases activate or inactivate proteins via
- 2nd messenger production
- Phosphorylation
- Addition of AMP
- Acetylation

How does the MyoD expression induce muscle cell differentiation
- MyoD activates transcription of muscle-specific genes like actin
- MyoD turns into actin and myosin fibers
- MyoD directly causes cell to change shape
- MyoD inactivates enzymes

In aldosterone signaling (steroids) involving ___ receptors, the hormone-receptor complex travels to nucleus as a TF
- Intercellular
- Integral
- Peripheral
- intracellular

During which phase of meiosis does independent assortment occur?
- Prophase 1
- Prophase 2
- Metaphase 1
- Anaphase 1

What type of base substitution mutation results in an early stop codon
- Non-silent
- Missense
- Nonsense
- Sense

Paracrine signaling involves which of the following processes?
- Active transport
- Sodium / potassium pumps
- Diffusion
- Carrier proteins

Which of the following is the process through which a cell gains its form?
- Formation
- Shaping
- Determination
- Morphogenesis

Trisomy is a type of aneuploidy in which a gamete is missing a chromosome
- True
- False

Muscle cell differentiation involves activating the expression of the ___ gene, a master regulator
- MyoA
- MyoD
- MyoB
- MyoS

Adult stem cells are just as useful as embryonic stem cells
- True
- False

This type of mutation can be insertion of deletion that changes the entire reading frame of a DNA sequence
- Missense
- Nonsense
- Frameshift
- Sense

Crossing over occurs during which phase of meiosis ?
- Prophase 1
- Prophase 2
- Telophase 1
- Anaphase 2

Every cell in your body contains the exact same set of genes
- True
- False

Which protein allows the promoter, gene, control elements, and TF’s interact?
- DNA interaction protein
- DNA communication protein
- DNA bending protein
- DNA binding protein

When lactose is present, transcription of the lac operon does no occur
- True
- False

After meiosis 1, one diploid cell becomes two haploid cells
- True
- False