jimmy_sheehan318
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Atherosclerosis and aneurysms

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Atherosclerosis and Aneurysms

Pregunta 1 de 21

1

Which of these is not a common symptom of hypovolemic shock?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Pale

  • DIzzy

  • Low urine output due to reduced kidney end-organ oxygenation

  • Increased CVP

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 21

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Cardiogenic shock arises from failure. This causes decreased contractility, which therefore reduces SV and therefore reduces the Cardiac Output. Poor forward flow will eventually cause a back-log of pressure into the venous system which can lead to an CVP/JVP.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 21

1

CVP is used as a surrogate for preload and is normally between 15-25mmHg?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 21

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

The 3 mechanisms in which preload increases force of contraction via the Frank-Starling Law of the heart are:
-Increased -tension relationship placing cardiac muscle in place of best contraction (due to optimal actin-myosin cross bridges).
-Increased Calcium sensitivity of the
-Increased on the stretch-activated calcium channels, thereby increasing Ca2+ entry. Calcium is increased intracellularly resulting in more cross-bridge formation.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 21

1

Which of these is not a benefit of gelofusine?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Similar properties to blood

  • Half life of 4-5 hours

  • Don't need to know blood type

  • Good for intracellular shock

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 21

1

Normal saline distributes about 25% of the solution into the vascular compartment

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 21

1

Dextrose can be used to treat low blood sugar, insulin shock or dehydration, as it is rapidly taken up by cells and is useful to replenish intracellular fluids.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 21

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Arteries consist of 3 layers (tunica intima, ( tunica media, tunica medusa ) and tunica externa). The tunica intima consists of ( squamous, columnar ) epithelium and a basement membrane (thin fibrous, non-cellular Laminin, protein, collagen).
The Internal ( elastic, collagenous ) membrane separates the tunica intima from the tunica media.
The tunica media consists of SMC's, ( collagen, fibrin ), elastin and proteoglycans
The next structure is the external elastic membrane which separates the tunica media from the tunica externa.
-The outermost structure is the adventitia or tunica externa, which consists of ( fibroblasts, monocytes, serosa ), collagen and elastin.

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 21

1

What prominent structures on arteries are not a feature of veins?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Elastic Fibres

  • Single layer of endothelium

  • Collagen

  • High distensibility

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 21

1

Atherosclerosis is not associated with?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Chronic Endothelial Injury

  • Increased permeability with monocyte and leukocyte adhesion

  • SM emigration from tunica media to intima and macrophage activation

  • Macrophages and SMC's engulfing lipid

  • Fibroblast proliferation

  • Smooth muscle proliferation, collagen and other ECM deposition.

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 21

1

Aortic dissection involves a split in the intimal layer, which allows blood to enter the wall of the vessel.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 21

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Peripheral Vascular disease is ( atherosclerotic, inflammatory ) build up in the lower limbs. The stenosis occurs through repeated endothelial injury. During exercise a ( reduced, increased ) blood flow leads to the requirement for anaerobic sources of metabolism, this creates ( lactic acid, energy, inflammation ) which is sensed by nerves as noxious stimuli. Once the patient rests and oxygen demand reduces, the pain leaves.

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 21

1

Peripheral venous disease is normally due to epithelial damage?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 21

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Chronic venous is due to valve dysfunction which causes the normal pressure (mmHg) to rise above 40mmHg. This sees fluid driven the venous vascular circuit and the tissues.
In varicose veins, the of the valves no longer meet properly and this causes a back-log of blood into the veins which become distended and not aesthetically pleasing.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 21

1

Selecciona la opción correcta del menú desplegable para completar el texto.

Adrenaline binds to ( B1, A1, B2 ) adrenoreceptors on the heart to cause an increase release of cAMP. This increased cAMP will lead to activation of Ca2+ channels and increased Ca2+ will enter the cytosol. This will increase the amount of actin-myosin cross brides formed and therefore increase the force of contraction. NA also binds to a1 adrenoreceptors on blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction.
These can both increase MAP by CO x SVR.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 21

1

A person with a blood pressure of 143/ 95 is grade 2 hypertensive?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 21

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Ohm's Law = P/ R.
The forces of pressure through the body are hydrostatic, driving pressure and pressure.
In Pouseuille's law- F = P x r4....therefore flow is directly proportional to pressure and but inversely proportional to vessel length and viscosity.

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 21

1

The following parameters of blood are in line with Poiseulle's assumptions?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Fluid must be incompressible

  • Viscosity of fluid must be constant

  • Flow must be steady

  • Velocity at the wall must be zero

  • Tube must be straight, rigid and cylindrical

  • Flow must be laminar

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 21

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Laminar flow is , whereas turbulent flow is .
Aneurysms result in laminated thrombus as the blood flows more through the vessels resulting in a slow viscous blood near the edges of the lumen. This can cause an aggregation of platelets and a thrombus will form.
In ath, the reduce cross-sectional area will cause an increase in velocity which can further damage the vessels due to the turbulent nature of flow.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 21

1

The baroreceptor reflex is found in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. If blood pressure is low, there will be less afferent firing to the medullary cardiovascular centre. This will lead to a decrease in parasympathetic activity and an increase in sympathetic activity. This will cause B1 adrenoreceptors to increase HR and contractility and increase SVR via a1 adrenoreceptors. This mechanism can become sustained after?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 3 hours

  • 24 hours

  • 2-3 days

  • 4-7 days

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 21

1

The 2 mechanisms of intermediate blood pressure control are:

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Transcapillary volume shift--> low pressures will drive fluid from interstitium into plasma (2 x more effective than baroreceptor reflex)

  • Reverse stress relaxation mechanism: tightening of blood vessels by vascular tone secondary to low stress on the vessel wall.

  • RAAS release- AG2 stimulating constriction, aldosterone, ADH, directly causing na+ reabsorption.

Explicación

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