HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Queen Anne, youngest daughter of James II (1702-14). Last Stuart monarch, died childless. Protestant succession confirmed by The Act of Settlement (1701) & The Hanoverians (1714-1901: George I-IV, William II & Victoria)

Jacobitism: Bonnie Prince Charlie , Catholic , Stuart pretender to the throne of England, Ireland and Scotland (Culloden 1746, between the Jacobites and the Redcoats)

-1707: Act of Union between England & Scotland: Kingdom of Great Britain

-Treaty of Utrecht (1713): puts and end to the War of Spanish Succession (partition of Spanish empire). England receives from Spain the right to the slave trade with the New World & obtains both Gibraltar and Menorca.

Parliamentary England (Queen Anne, last monarch to veto Parliament).

Alternating power, party politics: Whigs and Tories, intra-class political contest among the propertied classes.

Robert Walpole (Whig) , the Bubble Sea Scandal and the War against Spain (a continuation of Spanish Succession) (1739). The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) left Great Britain defeated and empoverished. From Walpole to William Pitt the Elder (Whig).

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