Draw alpha and beta glucose

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

By which process are monosaccharides joined together?

What happens in a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides?

What is sucrose made up of?

What is lactose made up of?

How are polymers broken apart?

How do hydrolysis reactions break apart polymers?

How are reducing sugars tested for?

Give examples of reducing sugars.

How do you compare the concentration of reducing sugars in two solutions?

How do you test for non-reducing sugars?

What is the main energy storage material in plants?

What is starch?

Describe the structure of amylose and explain why it is suited to energy storage in plants.

Describe the structure of amylopectin and explain why it is suited to energy storage in plants.

What is the test for starch?

What is the primary energy storage material in animals?

Describe glycogen's structure and explain why it is suited to energy storage in animals.

Describe the structure of cellulose.

What makes up a triglyceride?

What is the basic structure of a fatty acid?

How are triglycerides formed? Draw a diagram and explain.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

How do you test for lipids?

What type of lipid is found in cell membranes?

What is the difference between a phospholipid and a triglyceride?

What important feature of a phospholipid makes it useful for cell membranes?

Draw the basic structure of a phospholipid.

What is the primary function of triglycerides? Explain.

What is the primary function of phospholipids? Explain.

What is the general structure of an amino acid?

How are polypeptides formed?

What type of reaction breaks down proteins?

What are the four structural levels of a protein?

What is the test for proteins?

What is an enzyme?

What are the two types of enzyme action?

How do enzymes catalyse reactions?

Why does an enzyme substrate complex lower the activation energy?

What is the lock and key enzyme model?

What is the induced fit enzyme model?

Why are enzymes very specific?

Why does high temperature denature proteins?

Why do enzymes not work as well at lower temperatures?

Why does a non-optimum pH level result in a lower rate of reaction?

Why does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction? Why does the rate have a peak value after which the rate does not change?

What are the two types of enzyme inhibition?

How does competitive inhibition work?

How does non-competitive inhibition work?

YO ELLIOT

What are the pentose sugars in DNA and RNA?

What base is not present in RNA that is present in DNA and vice versa?

What is a nucleotide made up of?

How do polynucleotides form?

What is the chain of sugars and phosphates in a polynucleotide called?

Describe the structure of a molecule of DNA.

What base does adenine pair with in DNA?

What base does guanine pair with in DNA?

By what process does DNA replicate?

How does semi-conservative replication work?

Why is water a good buffer to temperature changes?

Why are water molecules cohesive?

What does ATP stand for?

Draw the structure of ATP

How is energy released from ATP?

What is the cycle of ATP use and production?

What is a eukaryotic cell?

What is a prokaryotic cell?

What are the features of a cell surface membrane?

Describe the structure of a nucleus.

Describe the function of the nucleus.

Describe the structure of mitochondria.

Describe the function of mitochondria.

Describe the structure of chloroplasts.

Describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus.

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus.

Describe the structure of Golgi vesicles.

Describe the function of Golgi vesicles.

Describe the structure of a ribosome.

Describe the function of a ribosome.

What characteristics of prokaryotic cells are not found in eukaryotic cells?

Describe the structure of a virus

By what process do prokaryotic cells divide?

How many micrometres are in a metre?

Define the resolution of a microscope.

What are the pros and cons of transmission and scanning electron microscopes?

Describe the stages of cell fractionation.

What are the four stages of mitosis?

Describe prophase.

Describe metaphase.

Describe anaphase.

Describe telophase.

How is the mitotic index calculated?

What is the function of cholesterol in the cell surface membrane?

How does facilitated diffusion work?

How does co-transport work?

Describe the immune response

What is the cellular immune response?

What is the humoral immune response?

How are fish gills adapted for efficient gas exchange?

How are insects adapted for gas exchange?

How do humans perform gas exchange?

What happens during inspiration?

How are lipids broken down?

State the two ways proteins are broken down.

What enzyme is used to break down carbohydrates?

What type of partial pressure does haemoglobin need to unload oxygen?

Why does the left ventricle of the heart have more muscle tissue?

What do xylem transport?

What do phloem transport?

What is translocation?

How does DNA transcription work?

Why is no splicing needed in prokaryotes?

How does translation work?

What is formed at fertilisation?

What type of cell has a diploid number of chromosomes?

What number of chromosomes does a gamete have?

How does meiosis take place?

What is crossing over and when does it occur?

What are the two types of DNA mutation?

Describe the two types of natural selection.

What do N and n mean in the index of diversity?

Define biodiversity

Define habitat

Define community

Describe and explain the structure of an artery

Describe and explain the structure of a vein

What is water potential?

What has a higher water potential: pure water or seawater?

What does isotonic mean?