Lymphatic System

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What is the system made of of cells and biochemicals inside of specialized lymphatic vessels?

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The lymphatic system

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Lymphatic capillaries

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Lymphatic vessels are ________ than veins

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Lymphatic vessels also have ___ to prevent back flow

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Lymphatic veins lead to

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After lymphatic vessels leave the lymph nodes, they go to

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Lymphatic trunks are named for

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Lymphatic ducts drain into two collecting ducts known as

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The thoracic duct is __ and _ than the right lymphatic duct

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The thoracic duct drains

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The right lymphatic duct drains

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Lymph is a _ that has entered a lymphatic capillary

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__ forms when water and small molecules are pushed from the plasma in blood capillaries

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Tissue fluid is the same _____________ as plasma, just without the plasma proteins

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What causes the reabsorption of most of the tissue fluid back into blood capillaries?

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What is the substance that does not get reabsorbed into blood capillaries?

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The increase in what caused by increasing tissue fluid pushes the fluid into the lymphatic capillaries?

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Consequently, the increase in hydrostatic pressure caused by increasing tissue fluid into the lymphatic capillaries produces?

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Lymph formation from tissue fluid prevents _________ (aka edema)?

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Lymph function includes

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Lymphatic capillaries have a flap-like valve that opens when pressure outside is greater than pressure inside and closes during the opposite. What is responsible for this?

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The epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillaries are attached to connective tissue through filaments. This helps maintain

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Lymph vessels work by

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Lymph flow is greatest during:

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Lymph nodes include

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What is responsible for extending into the node and dividing the node into compartments

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Lymph ________ flow where lymph can flow

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__ are the functional units of the node

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What is found in groups or chains along the paths of large lymph vessels?

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Places for _ _ includes the cervical region, axillary region, supratroclear region, inguinal region, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and thoracic cavity.

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The two primary functions of lymph nodes are:

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Lymph nodes are the site of _________ production

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What "lives" in lymph nodes and engulfs and destroys foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris

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What lymphatic organ shrinks in size after puberty?

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In the thymus, what is replaces lymphatic tissue as one becomes elderly?

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The thymus houses _ that develop into bone marrow. These are and _____.

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The ______ is the largest lymphatic organ

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The spleen resembles a lymph node, as it contains _ and _

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Spaces in the spleen are filled with as opposed to _

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The two types of tissue in the lobules are

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White pulp of the spleen looks like and contains _

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Red pulp of the spleen fills the remaining spaces of the lobules and is filled with , , _

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Blood capillaries in red pulp are , and ____ may pass through.

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and _ of the spleen work to keep the blood clean of particles, bacteria, and viruses.

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Essentially the spleen is responsible for:

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The human body must defend against bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. In order to do this, the body must

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The two types of responses for destroying pathogens are

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______ are responses that act the same way for every pathogen.

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________ are responses that act a particular way for a specific pathogen

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Species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever are examples of

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Specialized lymphocytes recognizing non-self antigens, B-cells, and T-cells are examples of

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As far as innate defenses, one species is not affected by the disease of another because the cells of the unaffected species have:

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Skin, mucous membranes of respiratory tract, tears, sweat, urine, and saliva make up the "____________" and are _ _______.

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Enzymatic, accumulation of salt from perspiration, and interferons are also part of _____ _, are known as chemical barriers (or the _______________).

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___________ are hormone like peptides released by lymphocytes and fibroblasts in response to viral infections. They stimulate cells to synthesize proteins that block the replication of a variety of viruses and stimulate phagocytosis.

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The __ is a group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that react with pathogens and begin a biochemical cascade.

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The __ is a group of proteins in plasma and other body fluids that react with pathogens and begin a biochemical cascade.

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Complement contains to pathways known as

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Complement activation stimulates

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The pathway that causes protein to bind to the antibody attached to the specific antigen is

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This pathways occurs in the absence of antibodies in response to foreign antigens - binding does not have to happen

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Natural killer cells derive from a small population of

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The lymphocytes in natural killer cells are different than the lymphocytes that provide

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Natural killer cells secrete ______ that destroys the cell membrane of infective cells

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Natural killer cells secrete chemicals that increase ____________

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Histamine released localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain can be defined as

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What accumulates at the site of inflammation?

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What is responsible for "walling off" the inflamed area?

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Fibroblasts "wall off" inflammation to

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What removes foreign particles from lymph?

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fibrinogen turns into fibrin, which starts the ___________ process

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Fever causes the liver to hold onto , which in turn starves the pathogen - especially in __.

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Viral/bacterial infections stimulate lymphocytes to proliferate and produce ________, which is responsible for a fever.

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Fever causes __________ cells to attack pathogens more rigorously.

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Adaptive immunity is the ____ line of defense.

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The resistance to specific pathogens or their toxins/metabolic products is known as

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_________ allow the body to recognize it's "self" v "non-self"

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Anything that illicits an immune response, but is NOT an pathogen itself is known as

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Proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids can all be

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_____ and _ recognize "self" v "non-self" antigens and carry out the adaptive immune response

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Lymphocytes originate in

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About half of lymphocytes reach the thymus, where they become

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Thymocytes different into _____ cells and make up 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes

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____ cells are found in lymph nodes, thoracic duct, and white pulp of the spleen

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The lymphocytes that remain in the red bone marrow differentiate into __ lymphocytes (or cells)

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__ cells are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and intestinal lining, and make up 20-30% of circulating lymphocytes

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B and T cells originate from a single cell forming a _____ of cells

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Members of a variety of B or T cells share _________ receptors that only respond to a specific antigen

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___ cells must be activated before it can respond to an antigen because they interact directly with infected cells

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The activation of T cells must occur via an _ -__ cell. These include: macrophages, B-cells, and several others

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Macrophage engulfs cell, lysosome digests bacteria, bacterial antigens leave lysosome and move to the surface of a macrophage are all results of

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____ cell activation is displayed near major histacompatability complex (MHC) or human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

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What is it called when activated T cells can interact directly with the antigen presenting cell?

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____ cells make and secrete cytokines which enhance cellular responses to antigens, as well as secrete toxins to kill antigen-bearing target cells (growth inhibiting factors against target cells)

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_________ cells becomes activated when its antigen receptor combines with the displayed foreign antigen; also stimulates B cells through cytokines to produce antibodies

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The CD4 helper T cell is the target of

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Helper T cells produce

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Cytotoxic T cells recognize

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__________ (interluekin 2) from an activated helper T cell activate the cytotoxic T cell and helps it to proliferate

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Cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen bearing cells to produce

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What cells help for future immune protection

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Memory T cells derive from

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CD8 T cells are responsible for messenger T cells. After cellular division, one daughter cell becomes a ______ and the other becomes a _

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________ cells do NOT respond to the original exposure

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Which cell divides and differentiates upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen?

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_____ cells become activated when antigen interacts with surface receptors

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If a B cell becomes activated when an antigen interacts with surface receptors, it results in ______ of the clone; needs helper T cell

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Clones of B cells differentiate into

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Plasma cells are the cells that produce

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Another word for antibodies is

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Immunoglobulins/antibodies can combine with the antigen on the pathogen and act against it, this is known as

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A single B cell can make a _______ response

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Different antigens on the surface of pathogens illicit a response from different B cells; this is known as a ________ (many) response

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Antibody molecules are made of __ and chains

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The light chains of antibodies have fewer

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Antibodies have a ___ shape

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Variable regions of have and light chains allow for specificity to different

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Antibodies react to antigens by

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Agglutination, precipitation, and neutralization are responsible in a

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Agglutination causes antigens to ____, making them easier to find

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Precipitation causes antigens to become insoluble in

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When an antibody attaches to toxic portions of antigen and eliminates the effect, it is called

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Activation of complement is most important under _____ conditions

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_________________ occurs when IgG or IgM antibodies combine with antigens and expose a portion of the constant region; this leads to the initiation of compliment proteins

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Opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, lysis, and neutralization are effects of

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IgE promotes

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IgE is found on

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Complexing with an antigen causes the release of ______ and other biochemicals (which causes vasodilation)

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Inflammation can be so intense that it damages

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The primary immune response first occurs when B and T cells

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Plasma cells release the antibodies __ then _ into the lymph in a primary immune response

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The primary immune response lasts

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In a primary immune response, some B cells become

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The secondary immune response is

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In a secondary response, if the memory cells encounter an identical antigen, they can rapidly (a day or two) produce ____ to combat it

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Why do follicular dendritic cells in the lymph nodes slowly release viral antigens after initial infection?

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When does naturally acquired active immunity develop?

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An example of artificially acquired active immunity are

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Antigens that stimulate primary immune response but does not produce symptoms of that disease are known as

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bacteria or viruses that have been killed or weakened, toxoids, and single glycoproteins from a pathogen's surface can be used to make

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Artificially acquired passive immunity can be achieved by

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Artificially acquired passive immunity is _______ _ and _______ is possible

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IgG molecules that move from mother to baby through fetal blood supply and breast milk are considered to be

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Allergic reactions are very similar to a ________ response

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Both allergic reactions and immune responses are due to

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Allergic reactions are response to _____________ substances

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Allergic reactions may

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Hypersensitivity reactions are also known as

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Allergic reactions are triggered by antigens called

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Immediate-reaction allergy (type I), antibody-dependent cytotoxic reactions (type II), immune complex reactions (type III), and delayed-reaction allergy (type IV) are all

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Immediate-Reaction allergies (type I) is known as

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Type I allergic reaction occurs _________ after contact with the allergen

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Inherited tendency is to ____________ produce IgE in response to particular antigens

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B cells, mast cells, IgE, and allergy mediators (histamine, prostaglandin D2, and leukotrines) are all part of

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What cells must be sensitive to the allergen before you can become allergic?

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Because B cells must be sensitive to the allergen before you can become allergic, that means

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The severe form of Type I allergy is known as

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Sense of apprehension then body itching and breaking out in hives, vomiting and diarrhea, and difficulty breathing due to face, tongue, and larynx swelling is a result of

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One can treat anaphylactic shock by

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Corneas, kidneys, lungs, pancreas, bone marrow, liver, heart, skin are all organs that can be

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After an organ transplant, there is a risk of the _ attacking the ___

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Tissue rejection resembles the immune response to

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The speed and severity of a tissue rejection reaction depends on the amount of similarity between recipient and donor's ______ complexes

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Chapter 16

Lymphatic System

What is the system made of of cells and biochemicals inside of specialized lymphatic vessels?

The lymphatic system

Lymphatic capillaries

Lymphatic vessels are ________ than veins

Lymphatic vessels also have _________ ______ to prevent back flow

Lymphatic veins lead to

After lymphatic vessels leave the lymph nodes, they go to ________ ________

Lymphatic trunks are named for

Lymphatic ducts drain into two collecting ducts known as

The thoracic duct is ____________ and ___________ than the right lymphatic duct

The thoracic duct drains

The right lymphatic duct drains

Lymph is a ___________ __________ that has entered a lymphatic capillary

__________ ________ forms when water and small molecules are pushed from the plasma in blood capillaries

Tissue fluid is the same _____________ as plasma, just without the plasma proteins

What causes the reabsorption of most of the tissue fluid back into blood capillaries?

What is the substance that does not get reabsorbed into blood capillaries?

The increase in what caused by increasing tissue fluid pushes the fluid into the lymphatic capillaries?

Consequently, the increase in hydrostatic pressure caused by increasing tissue fluid into the lymphatic capillaries produces?

Lymph formation from tissue fluid prevents _________ (aka edema)?

Lymphatic vessels also have ___ to prevent back flow

After lymphatic vessels leave the lymph nodes, they go to

The thoracic duct is __ and _ than the right lymphatic duct

Lymph is a _ that has entered a lymphatic capillary

__ forms when water and small molecules are pushed from the plasma in blood capillaries

__ are the functional units of the node

Places for _ _ includes the cervical region, axillary region, supratroclear region, inguinal region, pelvic cavity, abdominal cavity, and thoracic cavity.

The thymus houses _ that develop into bone marrow. These are and _____.