What are the three categories of blood proteins and their functions?
1.) ❌ – regulates the amount of water in the blood.
2.) ❌ – help transport fats throughout the body and helps fight infections.
3.) ❌ - involved in blood clotting

Describe the functions of the different types of blood cells:
1.) ❌ carry oxygen.
2.) ❌ produce antibodies and help fight infections.
3.) ❌ initiate blood clotting. They start the blood-clotting process.

The plural of atrium is ❌.
The function of the atria is to ensure that the thick-walled ventricles are fully inflated with blood.
The atria send blood ❌.
The function of the ventricles is to force blood out of the heart and through the blood vessels to the rest of the body.
The ventricles send blood ❌ to the body.

There are four valves of the heart.
The ❌ connects the left atrium and left ventricle.
The ❌ connects the right atrium and the right ventricle.
The ❌ allows blood to exit the left ventricle and enter the aorta.
The ❌ allows blood to exit the right ventricle and enter the pulmonary artery.

These are the functions of the liver.

It ❌ the blood...
It ❌ bacteria...
It ❌ carbohydrates as glycogen...
It ❌ several blood proteins...
It ❌ the body cells with food when food supplies run low...

The leading cause of ❌ in the US is ❌.

Common respiratory diseases and their causes:

1.) ❌ - caused by bacterial or viral infections of the lining of the lungs
2.) tuberculosis - caused by a slow-growing bacteria that infects the lungs
3.) bronchitis - caused by an infection or from smoking.
4.) ❌ - an inflammation of the pleura - can result from smoking
5.) bronchial asthma - caused bby allergies
6.) influenza- caused by viruses that infect the respiratory system
7.) ❌ - caused by more than a hundred different types of viruses

❌ can cause a person's blood pressure to fall to a ❌ (a condition known as shock). The reduced blood flow deprives the heart of needed ❌.

❌ blood transfusions are dangerous because a person's ❌ will attack blood cells it recognizes as foreign, with potentially ❌ results.

Describe the path of blood through the circulation process - beginning with the vena cava and ending with the aorta.

1.) Oxygen-depleted Blood enters the heart via the ❌
2.) into the Right Atrium
3.) through the ❌
4.) into the Right Ventricle
5.) through the ❌
6.) Oxygen-depleted Blood exits the heart through the Pulmonary Arteries
7.) into the Lungs
8.) Oxygen-rich Blood enters the heart via the Pulmonary Veins
9.) into the Left Atrium
10.) through the ❌
11.) into the Left Ventricle
12.) through the ❌
13.) Oxygen-rich Blood exits the heart via the ❌

Cardiac muscle vs. Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated disks, allowing them to ❌
Cardiac muscle cells lack the fuel and oxygen storage systems of skeletal muscle cells to make ❌ "power plants".
This feature allows cardiac muscle cells to ❌ for long periods ❌.
Cardiac muscle cells are ❌, allowing the heart to continue beating even if it is ❌ from the nervous system.

External vs. Internal vs. Cellular respiration

❌ respiration is breathing (inhaling and exhaling).

❌ respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and the tissue cells.

❌ respiration is the process of releasing energy by combining oxygen and food molecules within the cells.

Describe the structure and function of the lungs.

The lungs consist of bronchial tubes that end in small saclike structures called ❌.
Each alveolus is a microscopic, thin-walled structure surrounded by a network of ❌.

The design of the alveoli allows molecules of gases to pass freely through the membranes by ❌.
❌ molecules diffuse easily into the bloodstream through the thin walls of both the alveoli and the capillaries.
❌ and water vapor diffuse just as easily from the bloodstream into the air sacs.

How is spech produced?

Speech is produced when ❌ is forced out of the lungs and passes over the ❌, producing steady sounds.

These tones are modified into articulate speech by the mouth, throat, ❌.

The brain regulates your heart rate and breathing rate.

Heart and breathing rates are regulated by the ❌ and controlled by the ❌ of the brain stem.
Heart rate is regulated by signals that are transmitted rom the brain to the ❌, via the accelerator nerves and the vagus nerves.
The S-A node is the heart's ❌.
Breathing rate is controlled by impulses sent from the ❌ to the diaphragm and chest muscles when it is time to inhale and exhale.
The breathing rate is sped up when the brain detects a high concentration of ❌.

Why are red blood cells ❌ by the spleen and liver instead of continually ❌ themselves as most other cells do?

Red blood cells ❌ repair themselves because they do not have ❌.

During a heart transplant procedure, the nerves to the heart are not always reattached.
How can the donated heart beat without being connected to the brain?

The sinoatrial node and the ❌ of cardiac muscle allow the heart to continue beating ❌ being connected to the ❌.

Normal inhalation at rest is considered an ❌ process, but normal exhalation at rest is considered a ❌ process.
Why?
Expanding the thoracic cavity to inhale requres ❌ the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.
Shrinking the thoracic cavity to exhale occurs when these muscles ❌; there are no muscles that pull the chest back to a smaller position.
Although not mentioned in the text, muscle contraction is involved in ❌ exhalation, such as ❌, sneezing, and exhalation during strenuous exercise.