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What does the action potential do?
What is the concentration of sodium ions in a neuron at rest?
What is the concentration of potassium ions in a neuron at rest?
Are there more sodium or potassium ions in a neuron at rest?
Is the outside of the neuron more positively or negatively charged than the inside of a neuron at rest?
Why is the inside of a neuron at rest more negative than the outside?
What does membrane potential measure?
What is the approximate potential of a neuron at rest?
What is resting potential?
In comparison to hyperpolarization, how negative is depolarization?
What is a depolarization?
In comparison to depolarization, how negative is hyperpolarization?
What is a hyperpolarization?
What is the name of the voltage level that triggers an action potential?
What is the approximate level of the threshold of excitation?
What happens during an AP?
(step by step)
What are the 2 forces that move ions?
What is diffusion?
What is electrostatic pressure?
What produces membrane potential?
Which ions are in the extracellular fluid?
Which ions are in the intracellular fluid?
How do diffusion and electrostatic pressure act on K+ ions?
Net movement at rest?
How do diffusion and electrostatic pressure act on Cl- ions?
Net movement at rest?
How do diffusion and electrostatic pressure act on Na+ ions?
Net movement at rest?
What type of ion channels play a role in action potentials?
What do voltage-gated ion channels open in response to?
How sensitive are voltage-gated Na+ channels?
Do they require a large amount of depolarization?
How sensitive are voltage-gated K+ channels?
Do they require a large amount of depolarization?
What is the change in membrane potential at the peak of an action potential?
What change in membrane potential causes voltage-gated K+ channels to open?
At what measurement do Na+ channels become refractory?
What happens to Na+ channels when they enter the absolute refractory period?
What returns the membrane back to rest during an action potential?
What is this period called?
What mechanism returns the neuron to resting potential?
At what rate do Na+ and K+ move in comparison to the other in an action potential?
What does the all-or-none law state?
What does the rate law state about an AP?
What does the firing frequency of an action potential reflect?
What would the firing rate from a strong stimulus elicit in comparison to a weaker stimulus?
What is firing rate limited by?
What is the firing rate of a neuron during an absolute refractory period?
What is the firing rate during a relative refractory period?
What is saltatory conduction?
Do myelin and the nodes of Ranvier make contact with the extracellular fluid during an AP?
What are the advantages of saltatory conduction?
What effect will increasing the size of the axon have on conduction?
What is synaptic transmission?
What does synaptic transmission produce?
What is the presynaptic membrane?
What is the postsynaptic membrane?
Which area of the postsynaptic membrane has receptors on it?
What are receptors?
What do synaptic vesicles contain?
What happens at the synapse?
What happens during the release of a neurotransmitter?
Where are neurotransmitters synthesized?
Where is the NT packaged while waiting to be released?
What type of transport is involved in the NT moving from the cell body to the terminal buttons?
What can trigger a single vesicle to release its contents into the synaptic cleft?
What are packets of NT called?
What causes quantal release?
What does an AP arriving at the terminal button trigger?
What is the flow of Ca2+ during release of a NT?
What does an elevation in Ca2+ levels trigger?
What is this process called?
What process allows for the vesicle to be recycled and reused?
What protein is activated by Ca2+ entering the terminal?
What is the function of calmodulin?
What is the synaptic cleft?
What is a ligand?
What does ligand binding form?
How does formation of the ligand-receptor complex happen?
What does ligand binding result in?
What does receptor activation do?
What is an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?
What is a graded response?
What is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?
What is neural integration?
Where does neural integration take place?
In what 2 ways can PSPs be summed?
What is spatial summation?
What is temporal summation?
What are the two types of receptors?
What is an ionotropic receptor?
What is a metabotropic receptor?
What are the characteristics of ionotropic receptors?
What are the characteristics of metabotropic receptors?
What 2 mechanisms keep PSPs brief?
What is enzymatic deactivation?
What are the components that a NT is broken down into during enzymatic deactivation?
What is enzymatic deactivation especially important for?
What happens to metabolites during enzymatic deactivation?
What is reuptake?
What effects reuptake?
What can neurotransmitters be taken up by?
