Which of the following is a way that psychoactive drugs can alter behavior by changing nervous system activity?
a. after the synthesis of a neurotransmitter
b. after the storage of a neurotransmitter
c. after the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
d. after the termination of a neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic effect
e. a, b, c & d
Which is the TRUE of the blood-brain barrier?
a. It is a protective device for the blood
b. It is a protective device for the brain
c. It is formed by loose gap junctions between the endothelial cell walls of capillaries that serve brain
d. b & c
e. a, b & c
Alcohol barbiturates and benzodiazepines are similar in that they ______.
a. modify activity at a subtype of the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor
b. after the enzymatic degradation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft
c. induce an up-regulation ( i.e, increase the number) of norepinephrine receptors in the forebrain
d. change the re-uptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell
Which of the following MUST a person exhibit in order to be diagnosed with substance dependence according to the DSM-IV-TR?
a. concealed substance use & blackouts
b. tolerance
c. withdrawal symptoms
d. maladaptive pattern of substance use
e. b & c
According to the World Health Association, cigarette smoking in _____ occurs MORE OFTEN in women than in men
a. Southeast Asia
b. Europe
c. Africa
d. none of the above
Delirium tremens is a collection of life-threatening symptomsthat can occur when a person withdraws from _____.
a. opiates
b. hallucinogens
c. benzodiazepines
d. alcohol
e. cannabinoids
Benzopyrene dihydrodiol epoxide (BPDE) present in the ___ of cigarette smoke damages a cancer-suppressive gen,which leads to a mutation in lung tissue.
a. carbon monoxide
b. acetaldehyde
c. nicotine
d. tar
Recent scientific data indicate that, when the insular cortex of the braine (i.e, insula) is damaged, _____.
a. smoking occurs in sated individuals (i.e.x those who have smoked a lot of cigarretes)
b. the desire to smoke is enhanced
c. the desire to smoke is eliminated
d. a & b
Which of the following drugs can be classified as a soporific?
a. cocaine
b. caffeine
c. morphine
Ana=tabuse (i.e, disulfram) is a (n) _____ used to treat alcohol abuse and dependence.
a. nausea- inducing drug
b. detoxification agent
c. opioid-receptor agonist
d. opioid-receptor antagonist
e. anxiolytric
Which of the following substances binds to the acetylcholine receptor?
a. nicotine
b. THC
c. alcohol
d. amphetamine
e. cocaine
Long term consequences of heavy drinking include of the following health problems EXCEPT _____.
a. cancer of the liver
b. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
c. cardiovascular disease
d. asthma
e. c & d
Plaxico grew up seeing his parents use alcohol as a primary way to cleebrate and reduce tension. According to expectancy theory, Plaxico is likely to develop _____ attitudes toward the alcohol via _______.
a. positive; classical conditioning
b. positive; social learning
c. negative; classical conditioning
d. negative; social learning
Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity on addiction is NOT true?
a. Genetic markers for cigarette smoking have been identified.
b. Genetic markers for alcoholism have been identified
c. Cigarette smoking and alcoholism share the same genetic markers
d. If one identical twin smokes, then the co-twin is also likely to smoke
The correlation between education level and cigarette smoking is _____.
a. positive (direct)
b. negative (inverse)
c. non-linear
d. an inverted U-shaped function
Which of the following amino acids is NOT considered to be essentials for humans?
a. phenylalanine
b. tryptophan
c. leucine
d. lysine
e. glutamate
Cholesterol level in the blood is influenced by _____.
a. diet
b. heredity
c. smoking
d. a, b & c
Which of the following vitamins is lipophilic?
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin B
c. Vitamin C
Amenorrhea refers to _____.
a. body-image distortion
b. very low body weight (<85% of expected body weight)
c. extremely painful cramping during menstruation
d. the presence of more than two menstrual cycles per month
e. the cessation of normal menstrual cyclicity
Which is TRUE of persons with bullmia nervosa?
a. They are emaciated and lack energy
b. They are picky eaters and seems to "diet" at all times
c. At meals, they engage in obsessive behaviors such as counting the number of chews
d. Because they appear to have normal appetite ( in public) and maintain normal body weight, they are hard to identify.
Which of the following health problems is associated with obesity?
a. colon cancer
b. sleep apnea
c. kidney disease
d. diabetes type II
e. a, b , c & d
_______is/are a main dietary contributor to atherosclerosis development.
a. salt
c. high- density lipoproteins (HDLs)
d. low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
e. monosodium glutamate (MSG)
According to set-point theory, if Ndamukong eats very little but still manages to gain weight, he likely ______.
a. is under his set-point
b. is over his set point
c. has no set point
d. has several set points
What is the effect of leptin on the hypothalamus
a. appetite is suppressed
b. appetite is enhanced
c. nociception is suppressed
d. nociception is enhanced
Which of the following is TRUE about fat cells?
a. Fat cell number increases mainly in childhood and adolescence
b. Fat cell can increase but not decrease
c. Fat cell number plays a role in the body's set point
The BMIs of monozygotic twins are much more similar than are the BMIs of same-sex dizygotic twins. This finding indicates a role for ____ in weight
a. genes
b. environment
c. culturally determined eating habits
d. exercise level
e. age
Empirical research has shown that ____ is an effect of exercise
a. weight loss
b. enhanced self-esteem
c. stress reduction
What is the primary characteristics of anorexia nervosa?
a. self-induced vomiting
b. ingestion non-nutrient substances
c. repeated episodes of binge eating
d. refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
Which of the following treatments for bullmia nervosa is most effective?
a. antidepressants
b. aversive techniques
c. cognitive/behavioral therapy plus antidepressants
d. aversive therapy plus behavioral contracting
Making believe one is ill to benefit from sick role behavior is known as _____.
a. pain conversion disorder
b. hypochondriasis
c. malingering
d. chronic fatigue syndrome
The PRIMARY advantage of a health care system organized into specialties is ____
a. lower expense
b. faster delivery of services
c. good patient-doctor communication
d. provision of the best expertise for each aspect of each medical problem
Latrogenic conditions are ______.
a. health problems that result from medical treatment
b. present only if practitioners make mistakes
c. congenital heart defects
d. Somatoform disorder types
The time a person takes to interpret a symptom as a sign of illness is called ______.
a. treatment delay
b. appraisal delay
c. illness delay
d. utilization delay
The differences in health care system usage between makes and females ______.
a. may exist because men are more hesitant to admit that they have symptoms
b. disappears if visits for pregnancy are excluded
c. illustrates the poor health of females in general
d. demonstrates that males are healthier than females
Perhaps the most important medical benefit of a more patient-centered approach in doctor style is ____--.
a. greater patient understanding
b. increased likelihood of healing
c. greater amount of diagnostic information
d. decreased appointment cancellations
Patients describe symptoms for the same health problem differently because _____.
a. they differ in the attention that they pay to internal states
b. they may emphasize a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
c. they may downplay a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
Hospitals are to ____ as nursing homes are to _____.
a. emergency care; long term care
b. long term care ; emergency care
c. inpatient services; home health care services
d. outpatient services; inpatient services
Hypochondriacs are people who tend to _____.
a. recognize real symptoms of illness
b. associate real but benign bodily sensations with illness
c. make up or feign bodily sensations
d. neglect to use the health care system
Which age group is most likely to use health services
a. the elderly
b. the middle aged
c. the very young
e. a & c
Which statement describes how stress can influence the experience of pain?
a. Stress can lead people to engage in behaviors, such as tensing their muscles, which in turn cause pain
b. High levels of stress can cause people to stop taking care of themselves (e.g., they over-eat and exercise less)
c. Stress can lead directly to physiological problems, such as the dilation of arteries surrounding the brain and tension in the muscles in the head, neck and shoulders, which can lead to headache
The _____ is a specialized receptor that provides information about tissue damage
a. substantia gelatinosa
b. C-afferent fiber
c. nociceptor
d. somatosensory homunculus
Hyperalgesia is a _____.
a. somatoform disorder
b. factitious disorder
c. state of reduced sensitivity to pain
d. state of enhanced sensitivity to pain
What brain structure contains the somatosensory homunculus (used in the perceptionan of pain)?
a. spinal cord
b. medulla
c. thalamus
d. cortex
Which of the following drugs act directly to block the conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons that carry nociceptive information?
a. aspirin & acetaminophen
b. novocaine & lidocaine
c. morphine & heroin
d. antidepressants & tranquilizers
Which is the following is an algogenic substance?
a. endorphin
b. Prozac
c. Valium
d. prostaglandin
e. morphine
Which sensory fibers are involved in the transmission of nociceptive information?
a. A-beta fibers
b. A-delta fibers
c. C-fibers
The visual analogue scale is considered to be a ____ measure of pain.
a. physiological
b. behavioral
c. self-report
Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) of the midbrain induces _____.
a. pain
b. referred pain
c. analgesia
d. hyperalgesia
Which of the following CLOSES the gating mechanism according to the gate control pain theory?
a. depression
b. anxiety
c. analgesic medication
d. boredom
Which of the following is classified as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)?
a. morphine
b. novocaine
c. aspirin
Focusing thoughts on the unpleasant aspects of a painful experience tends to _____.
a. make the pain worse
b. lessen the pain
c. lead to a hypnotic state
d. have no effect on the pain
Which method of pain reduction is a form of counter-irritation?
a. hypnosis
b. biofeedback
c. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NDSAIDs)
d. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
According to the lecture, the neurotic triads includes _____.
c. hysteria
The theory of pain proposed by Melzack & Wall is the ____ theory.
a. gate control
b. pattern
c. specificity
d. tension-reduction
The pain relievers most likely to produce increased tolerance and substance dependence are _____.
a. peripherally acting analgesics
b. centrally acting analgesics
c. local anesthetics
d. indirectly acting drugs
Congenital insensitivity to pain ____.
a. can indirectly lead to death
b. does not exist
c. has numerous health advantages
d. is relatively common
Jermichael thinks about relaxing on a beautiful beach to take his mind off his intense shoulder pain; Jemichael is using the cognitive strategy of _____ to reduce pain.
a. guided imagery
b. controlled redefinition
c. thought reflection
d. emotional rejection
The fact that pain relief produced by a placebo can be reversed by naloxone indicates that _____.
a. expectation can increase the activity of endogenous opioids
b. expectation can increase the activity of exogenous opioids
c. expectation can block the synthesis of prostaglandins
d. the placebo effect has no physiological basis
Information about FAST pain (i.e., pain that is localized, sharp and described as pricking in nature) is carried by _____.
c. C- fibers
e. a,b & c
The endogenous analgesia system is activated during _____.
a. sex
b. labor & delivery
c. pregnancy
d. stress
