Lauren Rudd
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A level Sociology Test sobre Sociology, Mass Media 4.2-Ownership and Control of the Media, creado por Lauren Rudd el 10/02/2017.

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Lauren Rudd
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Sociology, Mass Media 4.2-Ownership and Control of the Media

Pregunta 1 de 30

1

According to Bagdikian (2004), how many corporations owned most media in 2014? This demonstrates a concentration of media ownership.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 6

  • 22

  • 50

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 30

1

Who found a similar concentration of ownership in the newspaper industry? In 2015, 7 individuals were dominant over the industry, such as Murdock with NewsCorp, owning the Times, The Sun and the Sun on Sunday; while the Telegraph group is owned by the Barclay brothers.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Curran 2003

  • Doyle 2002

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 30

1

What word does this describe?

Cross-media ownership-bigger companies owning a range of media types, such as NewsCorp owning newspapers, the publisher HarperCollins, Fox TV and Asian satellite channel Star TV.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Horizontal Integration

  • Vertical Integration

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 30

1

As an example of concentration of ownership in the broadcast media, how many commercial TV franchises does ITV plc own? Access is general controlled by Sky who have the largest share of the market, of which Murdock has the majority share.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 12

  • 15

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 30

1

What word does this describe?
Tries to control all levels of media production, such as Time Warner making films and distributing them to their own cinemas, while NewsCorp owns tv and film studios and the channels that show them, giving them greater economic control.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Vertical integration

  • Horizontal integration

  • Synergy

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 30

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Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

is where companies diversify into new business areas to spread economic risk, so losses in one area are compensated b profits in another. An example is , which is involved in music, publishing, film and cinemas, as well as banking, trains, an airline etc.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 30

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Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

is the erosion of national boundaries and globalisation of economics and culture. Sony, Samsung and Viacom bought companies outside of their countries of origin, as globalisation=new international markets, especially new media. This led to transnational conglomerates ownership of diversity across dozens of countries. owns hundreds of companies across continents.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 30

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is media transnationals using diversity to package the same product several ways, increasing profit-film accompanied by soundtrack, computer game, toys etc produced by different areas of the same company.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Synergy
    Technological convergence

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 30

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Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

is putting several technologies into one media system ie or smartphone-in the past, produced by different companies specialising in these products-increased investment in Samsung, Microsoft etc to increase technological convergence and make products globally accessible.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 30

1

Who said we need to study ownership and control, because of the importance of diverse and pluralistic media to ensure provision for all viewpoints-if concentration occurs, there is danger of abuse of power and influence by elites going unnoticed and democracy suffering.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Doyle 2002

  • Levene 2007

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 30

1

Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

believe that modern capitalist societies are , since all interest groups are given a media platform to speak to electorate and the best argument is voted into power. The mass media is therefore essential and facilitators of democracy, since most obtain knowledge of politics from papers, tv and the internet.

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 30

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-economics of media ownership
Market model argues the free market and pursuit of profit is more important than the idea that companies can impose political will on audiences and consumers- to attract them to product-readers etc have real power because of -right to buy or not to-if bias is suspected, they are unlikel to buy the product and the company goes out of business.
Market place is -variety of products aimed at different markets counters attempt to influence mass audience-corporations tailor products to groups-increased access to more diverse products- 2000s failed to update products and was overtaken by Apple-power lies with consumer/audience not owners-market controls content and product not the owner
Concentration of ownership=-products costly to produce and so concentration can maximise audience size to reduce costs and attract revenue-globalisation of media and conglomerates=attempts at finding new audiences to increase profits-also enhanced due to not fluctuating prices from other companies
Worldwide diversity-impossible for owners to influence content-Murdock-difficult to control cotent of dozens of papers--media owners have global problems-so don't have time to be concerned with day to day running of businesses

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 30

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-the media as a democratic mirror
The range of products offered by the media is extremely , so all points of view in a democratic society could be catered for-if some viewpoints have a amount of representation, not necessarily biased-mirrors audience beliefs of importance. If most UK newspapers are concerned with Corbyn not being willing to push the nuclear button, they argue this mirrors the concerns of UK citizens

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Pluralism
    Instrumental Marxism
    diverse
    restricted
    greater
    smaller

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 30

1

Which of these channels is a public service broadcaster?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • ITV

  • BBC

  • Channel 5

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 30

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Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

Pluralism-state controls
Owner power restricted by state control-try to reduce dominance of single viewpoint-, film studios not allowed to own film production, distribution and cinemas at the same time.
rules-companies not able to own more than 1 media form in same area-1 tv channel not several etc
BBC and ITV have content monitored by

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 30

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Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

-media professionalism
Editors don't allow owners to undermine independence and journalists have too much integrity to be biased to 1 particular perspective
Investigative journalism of those in power- scandal- resignation due to bugging being reported by the Washington Post

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 30

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Critique of pluralist
-owners undermine independence subtly by choosing editors and firing those who do not conform-journalists self-censor to omit controversial issues drawing owners' attention
-many over-reliant on official sources, especially politicians and police-undermines objectivity
-500 journalists embedded with troops in Iraq-one sided reporting due to personal attachment

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Trowler 2004
    Castles and Kosack 1991
    Curran
    Miliband 1973
    Blumer and Gurevitch 1995
    Tunstall and Palmer 1991

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 30

1

Which instrumental Marxist argued that the mass media was an ideological instrument, playing a role in the reproduction and justification of class inequality? They do this by transmitting conservative/conformist ideology-role is to convince the public that the ruling class ideology is truth. Owners shape and manipulate how people think about world, i.e. the public rarely being informed as to why people live in poverty, while representations of wealth are generally positive.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Miliband 1973

  • Curran

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 30

1

Which instrumental Marxists argued that the representation of ethnic minorties tended to portray them as criminals, migrants and extremists, in order to divide and rule the working class? This was on the basis that white working class people seeing minorities as a threat suits the capitalist class, since it distracts them from the real cause of inequality. Members therefore receive a narrow range of 'approved' views, so other points of view are rarely heard or considered extremist.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Castles and Kosack 1973

  • Glasgow University Media Group

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 30

1

The Frankfurt School used which term to refer to media output being mostly entertainment based, in order to distract the population from real problems and keep them happy and ignorant?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Bread and circuses

  • Cake and festivals

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 30

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Why will the media transmit ruling class values?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The owners are ruling class and so have a vested interest in upholding capitalism, in order to retain their wealth.

  • The owners are ruling class and therefore do not care about the welfare of working class people and withold their views to prevent a revolution.

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 30

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Which instrumental Marxist suggeted that governments are not interested in controlling media owners, because the class interests of owners and the political elite overlap. This means that papers owned by a conglomerate can directly support/not criticise the goverment in return for a lack of enforcement and regulation.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Tunstall and Palmer 1991

  • The Frankfurt School

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 30

1

Evidence for instrumental Marxism
-British press-4 period with varying levels of owner interference
1920-50- press barons (Lord Beaverbrook, ) openly stated ideological intentions
1951-74-delegation to editors/journalists-investigative reporting into abuses of power
1974-92-more -Murdock leaned to what sold rather than party interest-right wing belief that right wing economic policy would lead to bigger profits-more personalised management, reading proofs, picking compliant editors etc
1997-ownership based on global conservatism-Murdock made his papers abandon and support -Blair willing to lift controls preventing cross-media ownership

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Curran
    Frankfurt School
    Express
    The Times
    interventionist
    delegatory
    Conservatives
    New Labour
    Labour
    Tories

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 30

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Critique of instrumental Marxism
Rarely explain how media manipulation works in practice-evidence rather than research based
Considered economic -oly interest=class, ignoring the patriachy etc
Assume that ruling class ideology leads to false class conscoiusness-neo-Marxists like Gramsci suggest that the working class are more likely to experience , where aspects of ruling class ideology are accepted but everyday life means they can see through ideology
Many journalists see selves as guardians of public interest and dedicate careers to exposing those who abuse their powers

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    anecdotal
    circumstantial
    reductionists
    analysists
    dual conciousness
    combined consciousness

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 30

1

What is the economic, social and cultural domination of one group over another?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Hegemony

  • Agenda setting

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 30

1

What hegemonic Marxist concept (Glasgow University Media Group) does the following describe?

Journalists consensus decides what topics should be discussed or avoided, such as choosing to discuss a woman's appearance but not societal inequality. The Sun is more likely to be annoyed by Corbyn not singing the national anthem than the number of people living in poverty. This results in cultural hegemony, with the basic principles of capitalism ie profit and the free market being presented as normal.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Agenda setting

  • The establishment

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 30

1

Which hegemonic Marxists suggested that the content supports interests of capitalist system, but that hegemony is a probable by-product of social backgrounds of journalists/broadcasters? They are often white, middle class and male, with 50% of top UK journalists being privately educated. Tend to believe in consensus ideas, which appeal to the majority of viewers, seeing ideas outside this as extremist.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Glasgow University Media Group

  • Jones and Prichard 2010

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 30

1

Which hegemonic Marxist sees owners, editors and journalists as the 'establishment', an alliance of unaccountable groups bound by common interests? They manage democracy by igoring the establishment and vilifying the poor, unemployed, immigrants etc instead of investigating the establishment, since the media and the establishment are the same thing.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Jones 2015

  • Strinati 1995

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 30

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Criticism of hegemonic Marxism
Vague about what ideology is and the effects it allegedy has on powerless groups
( GUMG, Jones' ) focus on media professionals gives the impression that owners have little/no impact on production-this is unrealistic
Media=largely owned/controlled by ( men, the ruling class )-agenda setting=( patriarchal, sexist ) exercise-limit women's roles in media production and content

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 30

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Rellena los espacios en blanco para completar el texto.

3 characteristics of postmodern society affect wnership and control of the media
-Haralambos and HOlborn 2013-media is an intimate, defining aspect of postmodernism
-media transnationals used communications tech to remove distinction between global and local to increase consumer choice
Lack of faith in -Lyotard-skeptical on power of science, politics etc to change the world-truth=unattainable and irrelevant

Explicación

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