RES Lectures 14 - 18

Serous membranes secrete ❌. Within the thorax, there are two serous membranes: the ❌ pleura which covers the lungs and the ❌ pleura which lines the thorax and ❌. In between these pleura lies a potential space.

The intrapleural space creates ❌ pressure which suctions the lungs to the thoracic wall, helping ❌ them when the diameter of the thorax is ❌ via muscle movement. A puncture to the pleura may cause an air bubble and significant breathing problems—this is a ❌.

Surfactant is not produced in the fetal lungs until the ❌ month. Premature infacts lacking surfactant is known as ❌ or Respiratory Distress Syndrome and can lead to alveolar ❌ and ❌ filled lungs.
Lack of surfactant is adults is Adult Respiratory Distress syndrome and can be seen in ❌ victims.

Spirometry can identify a ❌ lung capacity, caused by a ❌ lung disease e.g. fibrosis. It can also identify ❌ airway resistance, caused by ❌ lung disease e.g. asthma.

The ❌ (R) is the ratio of carbon dioxide consumption to oxygen consumption. If VCO2 is typically ❌ml/min, and VO2 is typically ❌ml/min, R is commonly 0.8.

❌'s Law describes the diffusion of gases into the blood. Which the alveolar wall is ❌, which would slow it down, the ❌ alveolar surface area compensates. The main driving force for diffusion is the ❌.
Emphysema is characterised by the dilation and destruction of alveolar spaces. This decrease in the ❌ leads to a ❌ in the blood.
In pulmonary fibrosis, alveolar wall ❌ leads to a ❌ PO2 in the blood.

For each mmHg of O2 dissolved in the blood, you can only dissolve ❌ml of O2 per litre. This is ineffective, so we used haemoglobin. For every gram of Hb, you can carry ❌ml O2.
Your capacity to carry O2 is therefore your ❌. However, this capacity suggests 100% saturation.
Your O2 content is the actual O2 you carry. You can calculate O2 content by (grams of Hb x 1.34 x ❌) + 0.03 x PaO2. The last part you add on to account for ❌ O2 in the blood.