752848
Description
Flashcards by ellienorton, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ellienorton
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Biological Approach - Smoking Calvert - ex smokers, looking at a packet of cigarettes increased activity in the NAcc leading to cravings | Lerman - smokers that had abstained from smoking for one night had increased blood flow to parts of the brain associated with memory and reward |
| Biological Approach - Gambling Slutske - concordance rates of MZ and DZ twins and found the concordance for MZ twins was twice as high than for DZ | Wray and Dickerson - 60% of pathological gamblers reported physical side effects during stages of withdrawal (sometimes more severe than drugs) |
| General Evaluation Individual Differences - some people are more vulnerable to an addiction than others | Removes Responsibility - biology removes responsibility from the addict by explaining their addiction through genes and hormones |
| Learning Approach - Smoking NIDA - 90% of US smokers started as adolescents (due to imitation of peers) | Gilman - observation of a parent smoking will increase a child's likelihood to smoke by a factor of 2 |
| Learning Approach - Smoking Snow and Bruce - self report study of 241 girls that showed continuing to smoke enhanced their social status | Shiffman - asked former smokers to record when/where they relapsed and found it was in situations where cigarettes were readily available |
| Learning Approach - Gambling Gupta et al - observation of parents taking part in gambling was a significant influence on their children | Griffiths - gambling behaviour is reinforced in many ways eg. physiological, psychological, social and financial rewards |
| Learning Approach - Gambling Marlatt - effective intervention for preventing relapse in cue-exposure treatment (involves coping skills and desensitising high risk situations) | General Evaluation Diathesis Stress Model - combination of biological and social factors will make a gambling addiction more likely |
| Cognitive Approach - Smoking Brandon and Baker - evidence to show that people start to smoke because they are bored and think it will raise their mood | Wills and Shiffman - found that smokers reported smoking helped them cope with stress HOWEVER - in reality, smokers were more stressed than non-smokers |
| Cognitive Approach - Gambling Griffiths - young problem slot-machine gamblers had greater belief in the role of skill in gambling compared to non-gamblers | Cummings - founds gamblers were likely to relapse when experience negative emotional states eg. 35% of all lapses were preceded by a negative mood |
| General Evaluation Effective Therapies - cognitive approach has developed therapies such as CBT | Diathesis Stress Model - combination of biological and social factors is the best explanation for gambling behaviour |
| Risk Factors - Stress NIDA - found that people report they smoke, drink, gamble etc to cope with daily hassles | Turner et al - problem gamblers had endured unpleasant life experiences the year before their addictive behaviour began |
| Risk Factors - Peers Bricker et al - longitudinal study of 6006 ppts in the USA between 10-17 years old and found peer smoking was most influential in their first try of smoking | Mitchell - teenagers are motivated to start smoking because of beliefs of their social crowds |
| Risk Factors - Age Fidler et al - longitudinal study of 6000 adolescents, those who tried a cigarette by the age of 11 were twice as likely to smoke by the age of 14 | HOWEVER - most research has been done into addiction on young people rather than older |
| Risk Factors - Personality Gossop and Eysenck - surveyed over 200 poly drug addicts using a personality questionnaire and found a significant association with neuroticism/psychoticism and addiction | Zuckerman - suggests people that are highly extravert (sensation seekers) may get bored more easily and therefore be more susceptible to an addiction |
| Role of Media - Film and TV Sargent and Hanewinkel - 4384 adolescents aged 11-15 were surveyed twice (a year apart), found exposure to smoking in movies was a significant predictor of whether they will be smoking a year later | HOWEVER - they used a questionnaire study which may have the issue of social desirability bias |
| Role of Media - Changing Behaviour Johnston et al - US campaigns may have increased cannabis use as people feel they are missing out by not partaking | HOWEVER - most evidence about media effects is only correlational (no cause/effect relationship) |
| Theory of Planned Behaviour - Strengths Very Influential - meta-analyses show that TBP can account for about 60% of peoples behavioural intentions | Accurately Predicts Behaviour (Godin et al) - collected data about smoking and followed up ppts 6 months later, they found low PBC was the most significant predictor for smoking behaviour |
| Theory of Planned Behaviour - Limitations Too Rational - doesn't account for emotions, compulsions or other irrational behaviours | Intention Behaviour Gap - model is successful in prediction intentions rather than the actual behaviour |
| Biological Interventions - NRT Silagy et al - meta-analyses have concluded that NRT is effective and people that use it are twice as likely to quit smoking for at least 6 months | HOWEVER - 70% of users return to smoking when treatment stops |
| Biological Interventions - Buproprion Jorenby - 150mg of sustained release buproprion taken twice a day has been found to be slightly superior to NRT | Appropriateness - buproprion has few side effects but is only available on prescription |
| Psychological Interventions - Aversion Therapy Effectiveness - 52% of clients abstained from smoking for 12 months but relapse was more common if returning to a smoking household (70%) | Appropriateness - electric shocks raise the ethical concern of psychological harm and it is also expensive and time consuming |
| Psychological Interventions - CBT Effectiveness (Ladoucer et al) - allocated 66 gamblers to either a CBT group or a control group and found 86% that were in the CBT group were no longer classed as pathological gamblers | Appropriateness - behavioural therapy eliminates the behaviour but not the cause of the problem |
| Public Health Interventions - Smoking Ban Effectiveness - sales of cigarettes have decreased since the ban (7% in the first month and then 2% annually) | Effectiveness - an Australian study had a similar ban and found after 6 months 2% of smokers had quit completely |
| Public Health Intervention - Smoking Ban Appropriateness (Fowler and Christakis) - smokers who quit successfully tend to give up in groups rather than as isolated individuals | HOWEVER - there is a danger that a ban encourages a sense of group solidarity amongst remaining smokers |
| Public Health Interventions - Banning Advertising Effectiveness (WHO) - bans on advertising is an effective way to reduce smoking, countries that have show an average of 7% reduction in tobacco consumption | General Evaluation Effective Treatments - the most effective treatments for most addictive behaviours are those which involve a combination of all approaches |
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