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| Question | Answer |
| What are the components of a sociological definition of DEVIANCE? | Deviance: Behaviour that is recognised as VIOLATING expected 'norms' and 'rules'. Characteristics: 1) It emerges in social context - in terms of both individual AND group processes. 2) What is deviant in one group may not be in another. 3) The rules/norms decided are SOCIALLY CREATED - not just individually imposed. 4) Deviance lies in behaviour AND social responses of groups to behaviour of others. |
| What is the difference between "CRIME" and "DEVIANCE"? | Crime: CRIME is a violation against FORMAL social institutions and formal laws and therefore dealt formally. e.g. Murder is a crime. Deviance: Can violate both formal AND informal. It is possible to be deviant but not commit a crime. e.g. Being rude to someone. |
| How is DEVIANCE 'functional' to a society or a culture? | Durkheim: Societies need deviance in order to understand normality and the expected norms. Deviance serves a purpose to society as it ultimately shows what behaviour is expected AND creates a common solidarity between those who believe in those 'right' expectations. |
| What is the "DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY"? | (symbolic interaction theory) suggest that DEVIANCE/CRIME is a behaviour learnt by other people/groups/environments. The greater and frequent the interaction with deviant people - the more likely one becomes deviant as well. |
| How does the "LABELLING THEORY" explain recidivism of convicted criminals? | Labelling Theory: The responses one has is an important factor as to how deviance is created/sustained. A 'label' refers to a deviant identity assigned to a person due to their deviant actions and it is difficult to get rid of. In terms of 'convicted criminals', recidivism rates are so high as it is difficult to obtain opportunities due to people knowing their criminal history. This consequently encourages them to return to crime as there is nothing else. |
| What is "CORPORATE and GOVERNMENT" crime? | Corporate & Government crime: Is wrongdoing that occurs within the context of a formal organization. It exists once deviant behaviour becomes 'institutionalised' in the routine procedures of an organisation. e.g. large monetary theft |
| Does the HIGH ARREST RATE for minorities mean they commit more crimes? | Studies have shown that Unemployment and Poverty are related to crime. Those who are economically deprived often see no other alternative. It is also harder to hide crimes unlike people who are better off so that influences the arrest rate. |
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