Biology 30 Flash Cards {2}

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Mendelian Genetics
Natasha Gidluck
Flashcards by Natasha Gidluck, updated more than 1 year ago
Natasha Gidluck
Created by Natasha Gidluck over 6 years ago
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Question Answer
Genetics All of the things related to the genes and the unique DNA genome that each individual has.
Heredity Inheriting traits from parents through the combinations of alleles from parental genes.
Allele The dominant or recessive versions of genes that determine different traits in individuals.
Crossing Crossing two individuals of an organism to see the traits of the offspring.
P Generation The parent generation of the crossed organisms
F1 Generation First filial generation, or the children of the parent generation.
F2 Generation Second filial generous, or the grandchildren of the parent generation.
Gregor Mendel An austrian monk who performed experiments with garden peas and explained gene inheritance in plants.
Punnet Squares Squares that enable scientists to determine the probability of an individual inheriting traits from two parents.
Heterozygous When one allele is dominant and one is recessive.
Homozygous When both alleles are the same, either both dominant or both recessive.
Phenotype When the trait in the offspring is expressed physically and not just in genetic form.
Genotype When a trait is expressed in genetic form such as Gg, or Dd, instead of perhaps physically.
True Breeding When the parent generation and the F1 generation have the same phenotype that will continue on as more of the species are crossed.
Hybridization When two organisms are crossed that are not the same species, or variety. The result is a hybrid animal, such as the mule.
Incomplete Dominance When a gene has two or more alleles that have no order of dominance or none are the dominant allele. In this case, both of them contribute to the phenotype, such as mixing red and white flowers to produce pink. The phenotypic ratios are the same as the genotypic ratios.
Co-Dominance Both alleles are found in the offspring's phenotype, yet individually instead of mixed. The roan calf has both red and white hairs in its colouring, yet is not pink.
Lethal Alleles Alleles that are fatal to the individual that has them, killing them before or shortly after birth. They can be recessive or dominant, heterozygous or homozygous.
Heterozygous Advantage When a person carries the recessive lethal allele as well as a normal dominant allele, giving them a disadvantage that in some circumstances can actually be useful for survival (malaria cases with hemoglobin).
Order of Dominance When there are more than two alleles that are dominant in different ways. For example, if the black allele is dominant to brown, but brown is dominant to white, the order of dominance is Bl>Br>Wh.
Sex-Linked Inheritance When an allele for a trait is carried on an X chromosome and therefore shows up more often in males because they only have one. Can be recessive or dominant.
Thomas Hunt Morgan The person who did experiments with the eye colour of fruit fly and discovered how gender can play a role in different traits.
Dihybrid Questions When there are two different types of genes involved and two genotypes are combined.
Blood Types Include incomplete dominance with the gene that codes for type A, B, AB, or O, and also complete dominance for the Rh factor, the part of the gene that causes positive or negative values.
Epistasis A dihybrid question that includes two genes: one that interferes with the other gene's phenotype. It can be solved as a dihybrid question with a key to determine how the traits will be expressed in the offspring.
Locus A location of a gene on a part of a chromosome.
Duplicate Gene Action When either of two genes is needed to produce a phenotype.
Complementary Gene Action ?
Test Cross Are crosses used to determine the genotype of an individual that is dominant for a trait.
Pedigree A visual way to look at ancestors to determine whether or not an individual is a carrier for a disease. It can be autosomal recessive/dominant, x-linked recessive/dominant, or y-linked.
Linked Genes Genes that are on the same chromosome and therefore have alleles that tend to stay together during meiosis. this means there is a lower chance of having certain gamete combinations.
Unlinked Genes Genes that are on two different chromosomes and therefore have alleles that will exist in equal proportions in gametes.
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