11162117
Description
Flashcards by Ever Clark, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ever Clark
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Problem Solving | occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
| Algorithms | very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems |
| Heuristic | educated guess based on prior experiences; narrows down possible solutions |
| a problem with clear specifications of the state star, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state. | Well-defined problem |
| a problem lacking clear specification of either the state state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state. | ill-defined problem [ex: Ill-structured problems mirror real world problems where data are conflicting or inclusive, where disputants disagree about appropriate assumptions or theories, or where values are in conflict.] |
| thinking | the processing of information to solve problems and make judgements and decisions. |
| The inability to "think outside the box" and create a new interpretation of a problem is called | fixation |
| What are some obstacles to problem solving? | Fixation and functional fixedness |
| functional fixedness | The tendency to use previously successful strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem |
| Give and example of functional fixedness [HINT: our ability to solve problems that require using an object in a novel way] | personal example like using a rock or a cup to hammer in a nail |
| give a personal example of fixation | scientific belief versus spirituality |
| The tendency to use previously successful problem solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem (provide a personal example) | mental set |
| insight | the sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly -cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone -"Aha" moment |
| What are the two general steps to solving a problem | 1.) interpreting the problem 2.) trying to solve the problem |
| A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or for (often insufficiently) | anchoring and adjustment heuristic |
| working backward heuristic | A problem solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state |
| Means-end analysis heuristic | A problem solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals |
| A heuristic for judging the probability of a membership in a category by how well an object resembles that category (the more representative, the more probable.) Give an example once you answered what the term is. | Representativeness heuristic *given Linda shows a passion toward activism of environmental health, she then must have a job as a bank teller as well as an active in the feminist movement* |
| Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events | Conjunction fallacy *"since data seems to show that unborn babies align with the number of psychopaths in jail, there must be a direct correlation of the two events!" when in reality they hold no significant effect to each other.* |
| incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur | gamblers fallacy |
| Why are we so prone to using the representativeness heuristic and making judgements based only on categorical resemblence? | the mind categorizes information automatically. The brain constantly recognizes (puts into categories) the objects, events, and people in our world. Categorization is one of the brains basic operational principles, so it shouldn't be surprising that we may judge categorical probabilities in the same way that we recognize patterns |
| The initial judgement of the person based on little information we may have symbolizes the.... | anchor. |
| A heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable). | availability heuristic |
| confirmation bias | the tendency to seek evidence that would back up or confirm one's beliefs |
| what will cognitive bias potentially lead to? | It would through the individuals stubborn belief it would potentially manifest into illusions seen through ones environment. |
| illusory correlation | is the erroneous belief that two variables are statistically related when they actually are not. |
| belief perseverance | the tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence |
| person-who reasoning | such denial is illustrated by questioning a well-established finding because we know a person who violates the finding (ex. questioning that people who smoke leads leads to health problems because they know some people who smoke and live to be 90 years old) |
| (Mental age/ chronological age) x100 | IQ |
| standardization | the process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms |
| 100 + or - (15 x the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group) | deviation IQ score |
| ????? = the extent to which the scores for a test are consistent | reliability |
| the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predict what it is supposed to predict | validity |
| IQ scores are among the most valid predictors of _______ performance and ___ performance across just about every major occupation studied | -academic - job |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Linguistic | Language ability as in reading, writing, and speaking |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Mathematical problem solving and scientific analysis | logical- mathematical |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) reasoning about visual spatial relationships | spatial |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Musical | Musical skills such as the ability to composes and understand music |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Bodily-Kinesthetic | Skill in body movement and handeling objects |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Understanding oneself | Intrapersonal |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Understanding other people | Interpersonal |
| (Gardner's Eight Intelligences) Ability to discern patterns in nature | Naturalist |
| Charles Spearman (1927) Intelligence is mainly a function of a ___ intelligence (g) factor and some (s) factors (specific intellectual abilities such as ____). | general reasoning |
| L.L. Thurstone Intelligence is a function of ___ primary mental abilities- verbal ____, number facility, ____ relations, perceptual seed, word fluency, _____ memory, and reasoning. | -7 comprehension spatial associative |
| Raymond Cattell and John Horn (1987) There are two types of intelligences- _____ intelligence, which refers to accumulated ___ and verbal and numerical skills, and ___ intelligence, which refers to abilities independent of acquired knowledge such as a____ __eas__, logical problem solving and ___ of information processing | -crystallized -knowledge -fluid -abstract reasoning -speed |
| Howard Gardner (1983-1999) intelligence is defined as 8 ____ ______- linguistic, logical math, spatial, musical, interpersonal, interpersonal and naturalist | independent intelligences |
| Robert Sternberg (1985, 1988, 1999) Intelligence is dined as three types of abilities- _na_l___al , creative, and p__ct__al | -Analytical -practical |
| Keith Stanovich (2009) intelligence is ___ sufficient for ____ thinking ;rationality, which is independent of intelligence is also necessary | -not -good |
| Researchers argue on the origins of intelligence.. | nature vs nurture |
| the results of genetic similarity studies of intelligence can also be used to estimate its ______, an index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to this. | heritability |
| the assumption is that heredity determines a ______ ______, genetically determined limits for an individual intelligence. | reaction range |
| Flynn effect | the finding that the average intelligence test scores in the united states and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century |
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