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Description
Flashcards by Draco Malfoy, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Draco Malfoy
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why is it important that water is a solvent? | Most biological reactions take place within solution. Water transports substances eg glucose and oxygen. |
| What is the structure of a water molecule? | Two slightly positive hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a slightly negative oxygen atom (delta negative and positive). This means hydrogen bonding can occur. |
| What is specific heat capacity? | Energy required to raise the temperature of 1gram of a substance by one degree Celsius. |
| Why does water have a high specific heat capacity? | The hydrogen bonds can absorb a lot of energy, so water doesn't experience rapid temperature changes. |
| Why does water have a high latent heat of evaporation? | It takes a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds - so a lot of energy is used up when water evaporates. |
| Why is water great at cooling things down? | Because its high latent heat of evaporation means that when sweat evaporates, it cools the surface (by using up energy). |
| What is cohesion? | The attraction between molecules of the same type. |
| Why are water molecules so cohesive???? | Because they're polar? |
| Give an example of cohesion being useful. | Transpiration streams in plants - aids with transporting substances up the plants stem. |
| Why is water a good solvent? | Because of its polarity - it will only dissolve other polar substances. |
| Why is water less dense when its frozen? | The water molecule forms 4 hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, forming a lattice. |
| Why is water a good habitat? | Because it becomes less dense when frozen (it floats, insulating layer), its specific heat capacity (stable temperature), its a solvent. |
| What is the monomer that makes up a carbohydrate polymer called? | Monosaccaride |
| Is glucose a pentose or a hexose monosaccharide? | Hexose - Six carbons. Ribose is an example of a pentose sugar. |
| What is a disaccharide? | A molecule with 2 monosaccharide units joined together by a glycosidic bond. |
| What is a polysaccharide? | Carbohydrate polymer with multiple sugar units, usually storehouses of energy. |
| Give an example of a polysaccharide that isn't a storehouse of energy. | Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide. |
| Describe the similarities between alpha and beta glucose. | The both have a 5-carbon ring structure. Both have a CH2OH attached to their 5th carbon. They're both made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. |
| What the difference between alpha and beta glucose? | Alpha glucose had the hydrogen atom of the first carbon above the hydroxyl whereas beta glucose has the hydrogen of the first carbon below the hydroxyl. |
| Explain how a disaccharide is formed. | Two monosaccharides form a glycosidic bond when two hydroxyls react to form water and oxygen. The water leaves and the oxygen remains. This is a condensation reaction. The two hydroxyls stem from a carbon1 and another carbon. |
| What is the opposite of a condensation reaction? | Splitting up via adding water - Hydrolysis reaction. |
| If a condensation or hydrolysis reaction is to occur within the body, what molecule is involved? | ENZYME!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! |
| Glucose + Glucose = ? | Maltose |
| Glucose + Fructose = ? | Sucrose |
| Glucose + Galactose = ? | Lactose |
| What common form is glucose stored as? | Starch |
| What is our short term store of energy called? | Glycogen |
| Where is a lot of our glycogen kept? | Our liver |
| What is our long term store of energy called? | Fat |
| Can lipids dissolve in water? | Nope - they're mainly non-polar |
| Name 9 functions of lipids | 1) Protect Organs 2) Waterproof 3) Form Myelin Sheath around neurones 4) Water Source 5) Components of cell membranes 6) Buoyancy 7) Good insulators 8) Energy Source 9) Make Steroids |
| What are the three forms that a lipid can exist as? | Fats, Oils, Waxes |
| What is the structure of a fat? | Glycerol + 3 Fatty acid molecules (Triglyceride) |
| What is a fatty acid? | Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the end. |
| What bond is formed between the glycerol and the fatty acids? | An ester bond formed through a condensation reaction called esterification. |
| Whats a Phospholipid? | A glycerol with two fatty acid molecules and one phosphate group. |
| Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic, and which part is hydrophobic? | Hydrophyllic head, hydrophobic tail. This is why they arrange themselves with the tails facing each other and the heads facing the water - this structure is used everywhere for membranes. |
| What is cholesterol made up of? | Hydrocarbon rings + Tail (allow it to slip into membrane) and hydroxyl (which allows it to ineract with water) |
| Starch is a mixture of which two polysaccharides? | Amylose + Amylopectin |
| Amylose - Describe it. | Long unbranched chain of alpha 1-4 glucose. The angles of the glycosidic bonds give it a coiled structure, making it compact and therefore good for strorage. |
| Amylopectin - Describe it. | Long branched chain of alpha 1-4 (with 1-6 branches) glucose. The side branches allow enzymes to get at the gllycosidic bonds easily. This means glucose can be released faster. |
| Is starch soluble or insoluble? | Insoluble in water. |
| Is Glycogens structure similar to amylose or amylopectin? | Amylopectin - except it has a lot more branches, and is very compact. |
| Cellulose - Describe it. | Unbranched chains of beta glucose - straught chains. Between chains are hydrogen bonds, linking chains together to form microfibril firbres. These strong structures provide structural support for cells. |
| What are the two kinds of fatty acids? | Unsaturated and Saturated. |
| Whats the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid? | An unsaturated fatty acid at least one double bond between carbon atoms, causing a kink in the chain. A Saturated one has no double binds, and is 'saturated with hydrogen.' |
| What are the 5 parts of an amino acid? | Alpha carbon, amino group, side chain/variable group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom. |
| Why can an amino acid be classified as an acid? | Because it contains a carboxylic acid. |
| How can you group amino acids?? | Look at the variable group and place it in one of three categories - Polar, Non-Polar, Charged. |
| If an amino acid is non-polar, will it dissolve? | Nope. |
| What type of bond is formed between amino acids? | Peptide bond (through a condensation reaction). |
| Which elements do all amino acids contain? | Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. |
| What is the primary structure of a protein? | Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, joined together by peptide bonds. |
| What is the secondary structure of a protein? | Alpha helix's and beta folds. Hydrogen bonds hold together adjacent alpha helix's and chains of beta folds. |
| Secondary Structure What are hydrogen bonds vulnerable to? | Fluctuations of pH and temperature. |
| Secondary Structure What does misfolding of beta sheets lead to? | Alzheimer's Cystic Fibrosis |
| What is the tertiary structure of protein? | The precise 3D shape of the molecules. Hydrogen binds form between polar chains. Covalent Di-Sulfate bonds between cysteine's. Ionic bonds between charged amino acids. Hydrophobic interactions between non-polar amino acids. |
| What is the Quaternary structure of a protein?? | How different polypeptide chains interact to form a protein. Number of peptide chains and their names is taken into account here. The bonds involved in this structure are the same bonds involved in tertiary structure. |
| What is a globular protein? | Round and compact, these tend to have the hydrophilic R Groups on the outside. Therefore, these are soluble, and easily transported in fluids. |
| Name 3 globular proteins | Haemoglobin Amylase Insulin |
| Haemoglobin - describe it. | Carries oxygen around the body in red blood cells. Its a conjugated protein - a protein with a non-protein group attached. The non-protein part is called a prosthetic group. 4 polypeptide chains - each chain has a prosthetic group called haem. A haem group contains iron, which binds to the oxygen. |
| Amylase - Describe it. | Enzyme that breaks down starch in the digestive system. A single chain of amino acids. It contains both alpha helix's and beta folds. Most enzymes are globular proteins. |
| Insulin - Describe it. | Hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates the blood glucose level. Its solubility means that it can be transported in the blood. 2 polypeptide chains held together by di-sulphide bonds. |
| What is a fibrous protein? | Fairly unreactive, structural, tough, rope-shaped, strong and insoluble proteins. |
| Give three fibrous proteins. | Collagen Keratin Elastin |
| Where is collagen found? | Connective tissues, such as bone, skin and muscle. Strong. Minerals bind to collagen to increase its rigidity. |
| Keratin - where is it found? | External structures - eg, skin, hair, nails, feathers, horns ect. Can either be flexible or hard. |
| Elastin - where is it found? | Large blood vessels and ligaments. Because its elastic. That's about it. |
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