11367184
Description
Flashcards by Martha Mills, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Martha Mills
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What 4 things need to be interchanged between an organism and its environment? | - Respiratory gases - Nutrients - Waste products - Heat |
| In what 2 ways can exchange occur? | - Passively (no energy) -diffusion and osmosis - Actively (energy required) - active transport |
| In what way are small organisms adapted to exchange efficiently? | - large surface area to volume ratio - surface area is large enough compared to their volume |
| How are organisms adapted to exchange if diffusion is the only transport method? | - Flat shape so that no cell is ever far from the surface - Specialised exchange surfaces with large surface area to increase SA:V ratio |
| What are the features of a specialised exchange surface? | - large surface area - short diffusion pathway - Steep concentration gradient maintained |
| Define simple diffusion? | - The net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| What is the equation for Fick's law? | Rate of diffusion = (surface area x concentration gradient) / diffusion distance |
| Describe the changes when you inspire? (breathing in) | - External intercostal muscles contract, internal intercostal muscles relax - ribs move up and out - diaphragm contracts (flattens) - Volume of the thorax increases - Air pressure in the lungs decreases |
| Describe the changes when you expire? (breathing out) | - External intercostal muscles relax, internal intercostal muscles contract - Ribs move down and in - Diaphragm relaxes (domed) - Volume of thorax decrease -Air pressure in the lungs increases |
| Describe the structure and function of the trachea? | - Flexible airway made of rings of cartilage - Cartilage stops collapsing when air pressure changes - Walls made up of ciliated epithelia and goblet cells -Goblet cells produce mucus that traps dirt particles and bacteria from air breathed in -Cillia move dirty mucus up to the throat where it oasses down oesophagus into stomach |
| Describe the structure and function of the bronchi? | - Two divisions of the trachea, each leading up to one lung - Similar functions to the trachea (mucus moved up) |
| Describe the structure and function of the bronchioles? | - Branching subdivisions of the bronchi, muscle walls lined with epithelial cells - Muscles allows for constriction to control air flow in and out of the alveoli |
| Describe the structure and function of the alveoli? | - Minute air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, contain elastic fibers and are lined with epithelial cells - Elastic fibers allow for stretching and recoil when breathing in and out |
| Describe why is diffusion from the alveoli to blood rapid? | - Walls of alveoli and capillaries are very thin + RBCs squeezed flat against the capillary walls - short diffusion pathway -RBC are slowed as they pass through pulmonary capillaries - more time for diffusion - Alveoli and pulmonary capillaries have very large SA - Constant blood flow in alveoli - maintains a steep concentration gradient |
| What are the causes, effects and symptoms of asthma? | - Smooth muscle walls of bronchi/bronchioles contract and secrete more mucus - Constriction and inflammation decreases the diameter of the air ways - air flow in and out reduced, reducing the amount of oxygen to the alveoli - Lower concentration gradient so lower rate of diffusion |
| Squamous epithelium | - provides short diffusion distance |
| Ciliated epithelium | - cilia waft mucus along airway |
| glandular tissue | - produces mucus |
| cartilage | - supports the airway |
| smooth muscles | - Constricts the airway |
| Elastic tissue | - recoils to dilate airways or to help expel air from the alveoli |
| Blood | - Transport gases |
| Nervous tissue | - carries messages to coordinate action |
| Connective tissue | Holds other tissues together |
| Define alveoli | - tiny folds of the lung epithelium to icrease the surface area |
| Define Bronchi and bronchioles | - smaller airways leading to the lungs |
| Define diaphragm | - a layer of muscle beneath the lungs |
| Define intercostal muscles | - Muscles between the ribs - Contraction of the external intercostal muscles raises the rib cage |
| Define trachea | - The main airway leading from te back if the mouth to the lungs |
| Define ventilation | - The refreshing of air in the lungs so that there is a higher oxygen concentration than in the blood, and a lower carbon dioxide concentration |
| Define cartilage | - A form of connective tissue |
| Define elastic fibres | - Protein fibres that can deform and then recoil to their original |
| Define ciliated epithelium | - A layer of cells that have many hair like extensions called cilia |
| Define goblet cells | - cells that secret mucus |
| Define smooth muscle | - Involuntary muscles that contract without the need for conscious thought |
| Define breathing rate | - The number of breaths per minute |
| Define oxygen uptake | - The volume of oxygen absorbed by the lungs in one minute |
| Define tidal volume | - the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath, usually measured at rest |
| Define spirometer | - a device that can measure the movement of air into and out of the lungs |
| Define vital capacity | - The greatest the volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath |
| Define buccal cavity | - the mouth |
| Define countercurrent flow | - where two fluids flow in opposite directions |
| Define filaments | - slender branches of tissue that make up the gill. - also called gill plates |
| Define operculum-77jbh---gun | - a bony flap that covers and protects the gills |
| Define spiracle | - an external opening or pore that allows air in or out of the tracheae |
| Define tracheal fluid | - the fluid found at the ends of the tracheoles in the tracheal system |
| Define tracheal system | - a system of air filled tubes in insects |
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