11467380
Description
Flashcards by Natasha Gidluck, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Natasha Gidluck
over 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Homeostasis | The process of stabilizing the systems in the body constantly. |
| The Nervous System | The brain, spinal chord, and the nerves that emerge from them and connect with the rest of the body. |
| Central Nervous System | Includes the brain and spinal chord. |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Includes the somatic and autonomic systems. |
| Somatic System | Includes sensory receptors in the head and extremities, nerves the carry information to the CNS, and nerves that carry information from the CNS to muscles (or effectors). |
| Autonomic System | Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems which work in opposition to regulate the involuntary systems in the body. It controls glandular secretions and the function of smooth and cardiac muscles. |
| Neurons | The basic units of the nervous system that assist with structural needs as well as function. |
| Glial Cells | All of the other cells besides neurons that support them, nourish them, and remove waste. |
| Nerves | A bunch of neurons put in a group and protected by nerve tissues. |
| Types of Neurons | 1. Sensory Input Neurons: gather input and takes it to the central nervous system 2. Integration: interneurons that connect sensory and motor neurons 3. Motor Neurons: transmits info from the central nervous system to the effectors |
| Reflex Arc | A typical neural circuit demonstrating a bodily reflex to pain. Involves both the central and peripheral nervous system. |
| Cell Body | The head of the neutron that includes the nucleus and the dendrites. Where the neural impulse begins. |
| Dendrites | Branches that come off the cell body that receive neural transmissions. |
| Axon | The long wire like tube that carries the impulse through the neuron. |
| Myelin Sheath | A fatty insulated layer that covers the axon to allow faster transmissions. |
| Node of Ranvier | A place where no myelin sheath occupies the axon. |
| Schwann Cell | A glial cell that wraps around the axon and forms myelin. |
| Myelinated | A faster transmission. White matter. |
| Un-myelinated | A slower transmission. Grey matter usually found in the brain. |
| Polarized Axon | When the resting membrane potential is at -70 millivolts. |
| Threshold Potential | When an axon's resting membrane potential reaches -55mV, the sodium channels open in an all or nothing reaction. |
| Depolarized Axon | When the axon reaches +40 millivolts as a result of the inflow of sodium ions. |
| Hyperpolarized Axon | When the voltage overshoots and goes down to -90mV as a result of the potassium flowing out. |
| Refractory Period | The small amount of time in which the neutron cannot receive another impulse because it is still finishing the last one and repolarizing. |
| Synaptic Transmission | The process that allows a nerve impulse to travel from one neutron to the next without getting lost. |
| Synapse | The small gap between one neuron and the next where synaptic transmission is used to carry an impulse. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that carry the nerve impulses to the next neuron. |
| Excitatory Neurotransmitters | Neurotransmitters that stimulate the neutron by opening sodium channels and depolarizing it. |
| Inhibitory Neurotransmitters | Stop the neutron from stimulating by opening potassium channels and hyperpolarizing it. |
| Presynaptic Neuron | The neutron that the impulse is travelling from. |
| Postsynaptic Neuron | The neuron that the impulse to. |
| The Brain | Has many neurons, more than stars in the milky way. Is part of the central nervous system and takes up to 20% of the oxygen that your body requires. Is made of both white and grey matter and is separated into the forebrain, hindbrain, and midbrain. |
| Forebrain | Is the largest section that controls the body's internal environment and the response to sensory information. Made up of the Cerebrum, Thalamus and Hypothalamus. |
| Cerebrum | The largest structure of the brain that controls memory, personality, critical thinking, language, and more. Part of the forebrain. |
| Thalamus | The inner section of the brain that serves as a relay centre. Part of the forebrain. |
| Hypothalamus | The inner section of the brain located below the thalamus that regulates the body's internal environment. Part of the forebrain. |
| Midbrain | Found in the middle of the brain and serves as a big relay centre. Controls some muscle movement. |
| Hindbrain | Found near the back section and composed of the Cerebellum, Medulla Oblongata, and Pons. Is a relay centre and controls unconscious coordination and involuntary responses. |
| Cerebellum | A large bulb near the bottom of the brain that controls unconscious coordination, balance, and posture. Part of the hindbrain. |
| Medulla Oblongata | Connects the brain and the spinal chord and serves as a controller for automatic and involuntary responses. Part of the hindbrain. |
| Pons | Located in the middle of the brain as a small bump, serve as a relay centre for the right and left parts of the brain. Part of the hindbrain. |
| Meninges | The three layers of tough elastic tissue that surround the brain and spinal chord in order to protect them. |
| Skull | The shield of bone that surrounds the brain and protects it like a hard armour. |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | The fluid around the brain that cushions it from any impact and also transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood/brain barrier. |
| Cerebral Cortex | The internal mass of white matter surrounded with a thin layer of grey mater on each half of the cerebrum. |
| Cerebral Hemispheres | The two sides of the cerebrum, left and right. |
| Corpus Callosum | The structure in the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres and relays information between the sides. |
| The Lobes of the Brain | 1. Occipital 2. Parietal 3. Frontal 4. Temporal |
| Occipital Lobe | Controls visual aspects: receiving, analyzing, and recognizing. |
| Parietal Lobe | Controls sensory aspects: position, orientation, touch, feel, etc. |
| Frontal Lobe | Controls motor activities such as voluntary and precise movement, as well as memory, reasoning, thinking, etc. |
| Temporal Lobe | Controls auditory aspects: reception, speech, hearing, processing, etc. |
| Blood Brain Barrier | The barrier that separates any blood from directly coming in contact with the brain tissue. Allows oxygen and glucose to diffuse through. |
| PET Scan | Uses a scanner to see the function of the brain while preforming different tasks as well as glucose consumption levels. Used to see stroke victims or to detect different diseases. |
| MRI Scan | Uses magnets to move hydrogen ions as well as produces radio signals in order to get clear images of brain structure. Used to find tumours. |
| CAT Scan | A scan with a lot of radiation that produces very good quality pictures of the brain. Used quite often, sometimes with an MRI. |
| EEG Scan | A cool looking device that gets information directly form the brain by using many wires. Sometimes the skull makes it hard to measure the brain activity because it blurs the results. |
| Sympathetic System | Works in opposition to the parasympathetic nervous system and works to prepare the body for stress. |
| Parasympathetic System | Works in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system and calms and relaxes parts of the body. |
| Photoreceptors | Take in visible light using rods and cones and turns it into nerve impulses. |
| Chemoreceptors | Chemical receptors that include taste and smell and combine or connect the two. |
| Osmoreceptors | Measure and control blood pressure, volume, and solute levels within the body. |
| Carotid Artery and Aorta Receptors | Check the blood pH by noting the hydrogen levels in the bloodstream. Can control kidney use. |
| Mechanoreceptors | Measure touch, pressure and pain, as well as control hearing, balance, body position, and movement. Anything that moves such as effectors have many mechanoreceptors. |
| Proprioceptors | Receptors in the muscles and joints of the body that are associated with mechanoreceptors. |
| Thermoreceptors | Note the changes from hot and cold and look for a difference in radiant energy. |
| Sensory Adaptation | Filters out stimuli that are not as important to the individual, allows the body to pay less attention to things that would otherwise be distracting. Prevents a brain overload. |
| Touch | Uses mechanoreceptors that are unevenly distributed and at different depths. |
| Taste | Uses taste buds and connects with the sense of smell. Detects salty, sweet, bitter, and sour. |
| Smell | Strongly related to taste, a defence mechanism for gross foods. Uses olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. |
| Sight | The eye is composed of the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, sclera, choroid, optic nerve and the humours: vitreous and aqueous. |
| Cornea | The protective outer layer that is part of the sclera. Covers the lens of the eye. |
| Sclera | The protective outer layer that prevents the eye from being harmed. |
| Pupil | The dark empty space that can be adjusted to different sizes by the iris. Where light enters the eye. |
| Lens | The clear, flexible, part of the eye that can focus light on the retina. |
| Retina | The middle of the eye that can focus images. Is composed of two photoreceptors: rods and cones. |
| Iris | The part of the eye that contains muscles that contract and release to enlarge or constrict the size of the pupil. |
| Choroid | The protective layer on the inside of the eye that absorbs excess light rays. |
| Optic Nerve | Connects the eye to the brain and allows messages to transfer from one to the other. |
| Aqueous Humour | A dark liquid on the inside of the eye that helps maintain the shape. Transports nutrients. |
| Vitreous Humour | A gel-like substance on the inside of the eye that maintains shape and transports nutrients. |
| Outer Ear | The section that is visible to the eye and contains the pinna and auditory canal. |
| Middle Ear | The middle part of the ear just inside the head that contains the tympanum, ossicles, eustachian tube, and the oval window. |
| Inner Ear | The innermost part of the ear that contains the semicircular canal, cochlea, and auditory nerve. |
| Pinna | The outer visible portion of the ear that captures and amplifies the incoming sound waves. |
| Auditory Canal | Carries and amplifies the incoming sound waves from the pinna to the tympanum. |
| Tympanum | The flaplike bone that vibrates when the sound waves reach it and passes them along to the ossicles. Also called the eardrum. |
| Ossicles | The three smallest bones in the human body that carry the sound waves from the tympanum to the oval window and therefore the cochlea. Called the malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| Oval Window | The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear and also the ossicles to the cochlea. |
| Cochlea | In the inner ear. Connects with the semicircular canals and the vestibule. Carries sound waves through the long curled up tube that has hairs the interpret different sound frequencies. |
| Auditory Nerve | Carries the nerve impulse simulated by the sound frequencies of the cochlea to the brain. |
| Semicircular Canals | Three tubes that determine the body's rotational stance and position by using fluids within. |
| Vestibule | Contains small calcium deposits that make contact with small receptors, allowing the body to have information on the position of the head, or gravitational equilibrium. |
| Eustachian Tube | The tube that connects the ear to the throat and allows for the equalization of pressure for the internal and external environments. |
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