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Flashcards by Annabel Stock, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Annabel Stock
about 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis and when was it signed? | A treaty between Spain and France which ended over half a century of fighting, 1559 |
| What were the implications of the treaty for England? | Now that peace with France was possible, Phillip had no wish to be dragged into a war against France to defend England, Spain's traditional ally, and he would have watched Elizabeth's activities in Scotland with unease. England had traditionally relied on the jealousy between France and Spain to maintain its independence. Peace between the who powerful countries upset the subtle balance of power. |
| In 1558, what was the relationship between England and France like? | France supported the claims of Mary Stuart to the English throne because of her French blood and her marriage to the dauphin. The French monarchy had been alarmed at Spanish 'control' of England as a result of Phillip II's marriage to Mary Tudor because it threatened French communication with Scotland and increased French fears of Spanish encirclement |
| When did England sign the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis and what was the significance of this? | 1559, this confirmed the loss of Calais |
| When did Francis II, husbands of Mary Stuart, succeed King Henry II as King of France? | 1559, the new king was a puppet in the hands of Mary's uncles, the Guise brothers, who aimed to restore the control of their sister, Mary of Guise, in Scotland and advance Mary Stuart's claim to the English throne |
| What was the situation of Scotland in 1558? | Scotland was ruled by Mary of Guise on behalf of her young daughter, Mary Stuart. |
| What happened in Scotland in 1559? | In 1559, Scottish Protestants rebelled against Mary of Guise. The rebels' success was welcomed in England (despite Elizabeth's vehement dislike of those who upturned the natural order of things) because France previously had access to England along the Scottish border. |
| How did Elizabeth respond to the rebellion in Scotland? | Cecil, who was anxious to reduce French influence in Scotland, had to work hard to persuade a reluctant Elizabeth that she needed to aid the rebels to prevent the restoration of French power. Elizabeth finally agreed to send financial aid and then naval and military forces to the Scots, but only after Cecil had threatened to resign. |
| Which treaty confirmed the aid to the rebels and when was it signed? | The Treaty of Berwick, 1560 |
| What was the Treaty of Edinburgh and when was it signed? | Under the treaty, the French agreed to withdraw from Scotland leaving only a token force and a new Protestant government was established under Lord James Stuart, the illegitimate brother of Mary, Queen of Scots. 1560 |
| What event/development reduced the immediate threat from France? | Religious civil war broke out in France in March 1562. The French Wars of Religion were caused by the spread of Calvinism and by powerful feudal nobles with vast territorial influence who had no powerful monarch to keep them in check after the death of Henry II. |
| How long did the wars last for? | 1562-93 |
| What else caused the Wars of the Religion and how did this involve Elizabeth? | The leading noble families, the Guise and the Bourbon, were divided over religion, while Catherine de Medici struggled to preserve the monarchy for her young sons. Elizabeth came under pressure from Dudley and Throckmorton to send help to the Huguenots, who were doing badly, because a united France, under Guise control, would not be in England's interests. This time Elizabeth needed no persuading. |
| What were the results of English involvement? | The wars went badly for the English. The Huguenots were defeated in 1562 and, disappointed with the level of English support, made peace with the Catholics and joined with them to drive the English out of France at Le Havre in 1563. In the Treaty of Troyes, signed in 1564, French control of Calais was confirmed. |
| What fraction of England's overseas trade passed through Antwerp before being sold throughout the Low Countries? | At least 3/4 |
| What had Antwerp businessmen been upset by? | The new Book of Rates introduced by Mary Tudor, in which duties on imports were increased by 75%, and by incidents of piracy in the Channel, where privateers preyed on Flemish and Spanish shipping and disrupted trade. |
| What motivated Granville, Phillip's chief minister in the Netherlands, to ban the import of all English cloth? | Granville saw Elizabeth sponsoring Protestant rebels and believed that English traders were trying to spread Protestantism in the Netherlands with her backing. Granville used an outbreak of plague in London as an excuse to ban imports. |
| What was Elizabeth's response to this? | Elizabeth retaliated and stopped all imports from the Netherlands so trade between the two countries ceased. The economic suffering caused to both sides led to the resumption of trade within twelve months |
| What did Phillip II announce his determination to do in 1567? | To crush heresy throughout the Netherlands and he sent a vast Spanish army, under the Duke of Alva, to do this. Alva's arrival led many Protestant refugees to seek exile in England despite Elizabeth's public condemnation of the rebels. These events affected Elizabeth's view of Phillip II and his intentions towards England. |
| Which slave trader did Elizabeth, Cecil and Leicester finance and when did he sail? | In 1562, John Hawkins sailed to West Africa where he bought slaves which he sold to colonists in the New World. He repeated this venture in 1564, financed by Cecil, Leicester and Elizabeth, each of whom received a return of 60% on their investment |
| How did Hawkins' voyages contribute to conflict between England and Spain? | Hawkins' slaving voyages were an attempt to break the Spanish trading monopoly in the Americas. Spain began to strengthen her defences and, in 1568, attacked Hawkins' fleet at San Juan de Ulna in the Gulf of Mexico. Hawkins returned to England with only 15 men and open hostility broke out between the two countries. |
| Why did the presence of the Duke of Alva' army in the Netherlands threaten English security? | The deep-water harbours on the Dutch coast and the prevailing easterly winds made England an easy target for a Spanish invasion by force |
| By 1568, what was the situation with the Dutch rebels? | Alva had defeated the Dutch rebels. Elizabeth did not have the means to challenge Alva directly and was reluctant to send aid to the Protestant rebels. |
| What policy did Elizabeth employ? | She embarked on a policy of harassment. This primarily took the form of encouraging seamen, such as Francis Drake, to make life difficult for the Spanish in the New World |
| What happened to Spanish bullion (gold or silver in bulk before coining, or valued by weight) ships on their way to the Netherlands to pay the Spanish army and when did this happen? | November 1568: The ships took refuge from pirates in English ports. The bullion was a load provided by Genoese bankers and Cecil may have convinced Elizabeth that the money was still technically the property of the bankers. It seems, that the Queen decided to take over the loan herself to make life as difficult as possible for Alva in the Netherlands. |
| How did the Spanish respond to the confiscation of their Genoese loan? | Alva seized all English ships and property in the Netherlands while Phillip did the same in Spain. As a result, a total embargo on all trade between England and Spain developed |
| Between 1568 and 1572, how did Elizabeth and Phillip create trouble for one another? | 1. Phillip authorised Alva to send financial aid to Catholics in the north of England although he changed his mind 2. The Spanish supported the 1571 Ridolfi Plot 3. Elizabeth did nothing to prevent English seamen attacking Spanish ships and began to pursue a marriage alliance with the French Duke of Anjou 4. In 1572, Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Blois with France in which France and England promised to aid the other if asked |
| By what year did Phillip and Elizabeth agree to settle their differences and how did they do so? | 1572. Trade was restored in the Convention of Nymegan in 1573 and Elizabeth withdrew her support for English pirates in the Caribbean as a result the 1574 Treaty if Bristol |
| In what year did Elizabeth expel the Dutch Sea Beggars (protestant rebels)? What was the consequence of this for Anglo-Spanish relations? | March 1572: For several years Elizabeth had given safe conduct to the Sea Beggars, allowing them to make the ports along England's south coast their home as they continued their attack on Spanish shipping in the channel which infuriated Philip. When Elizabeth ordered the expulsion of the Sea Beggars from her realm, it was assumed that this was done to placate Philip. It turned out, however, that Elizabeth had struck a lethal blow at Spain: by expelling the Sea Beggars she had unleashed their latent power. For a month these rebel privateers wandered the sea, homeless and hungry, until, on the first of April, they made a desperate attack on the Dutch port city of Brielle, which had been left unattended by the Spanish garrison. They astounded everyone, even themselves, by capturing the city. This triggered the Revolt of the Netherlands began |
| Over the next three years, what was the conflict of thought between Elizabeth and her council centred on? | English public opinion and leading members of the council, particularly Leicester and Walsingham called for Elizabeth to send help to the Dutch rebels to prevent the expected Spanish military conquest and centralisation of the Netherlands. Elizabeth continually refused to give aid officially so as not to agonise Spain. She did not share the enthusiasm of her subjects when the French government, under the influence of the Huguenot leader Coligny, sent an army to the southern Netherlands to support the rebels. She did, however, send a volunteer force under Sir Humphrey Gilbert to prevent Flushing from falling into French hands but was carefully to maintain good relations with the French court even after the Massacre of St Bartholomew. In the event, Alva crushed the revolt easily. |
| What shaped Elizabeth's foreign policy in the first part of her reign? | Her domestic situation. She needed time, and a period of peace, to establish the new Elizabethan Church and she had neither the resources nor the inclination to become involved in religious squabbles. |
| The traditional English policy of playing France and Spain off against each other was not as possible after they had made peace in 1559. What did Elizabeth do instead? | Faced with Spain, which was about to send an army to the Netherlands to restore its authority over the province, and France, which was occupied with religious wars within its borders, Elizabeth increasingly saw Spain as the greater threat to national security. She therefore allied herself with France and endeavoured to keep Spain occupied because she feared that once Spain had subdued the Netherlands, the Spanish army would invade England and attempt to restore Catholicism |
| What was the adverse affect of this? | The strategies which Elizabeth used to distract Spain - attacking Spanish shipping in the New World and seizing Spanish bullion - caused Phillip II to start seeing Elizabeth not as a minor irritant but as an implacable enemy. |
| Between 1572 and 1584, what was Elizabeth's aim towards the Netherlands? | She wanted the Netherlands to be granted their traditional liberties but for the country to remain under loose Spanish control. She wanted the Spanish army and the Inquisition withdrawn from the Netherlands so that Phillip II's subjects could exercise liberty of conscience (though not liberty of worship.) French control of the Netherlands was unthinkable since it would grant France con tool of the Southern Channel coastline. For the next ten years, Elizabeth used diplomacy to encourage Phillip to restore the Netherlands to a semi-independent status while keeping a close eye on France and avoiding heavy expenditure |
| What happened in 1572 in France? What was Elizabeth's response? | Religious conflict broke out again. Elizabeth permitted the Huguenots to use England as a base and authorised English Protestants to send munitions and a loan to the Huguenots (French Calvinist refugees.) Elizabeth allowed Dutch refugees and English volunteers to join the Sea Beggars and then sent Sir Humphrey Gilbert and his army of volunteers to hold Flushing for the Dutch to protect it from the French army in the Netherlands |
| How successful was Elizabeth's policy of continuing to aid the Dutch rebels unofficially, sending money and volunteers and allowing English privateers to close the Channel to Spanish ships? | It had some success: it was indirect enough not to cause conflict with Spain but irritating enough to cause Spain to make concessions |
| In what year was the Trade embargo between Spain and England lifted? What was the content of the agreement between the two countries? | 1574: the two countries signed the Convention of Bristol which settled the bullion dispute, banished English rebels from the Netherlands and allowed English merchants in the Netherlands to practise their Protestant beliefs. Spain rejected any discussion over its government of the Netherlands although Alva was replaced by the more moderate de Requesens |
| What was the Spanish Fury and when did it occur? | 1576: A mutiny of the Spanish army which culminated in the sack of Antwerp. It united all seventeen Dutch provinces in open rebellion against Spanish rule. |
| What happened by the Pacification of Ghent? What did Elizabeth do in response? | The Dutch Estates-General called for the expulsion of all foreign troops and the restoration of their traditional liberties. Elizabeth loaned the Dutch Estates-General £100,000 and agreed to send an expeditionary force to the Netherlands. She also warned Henry III of France that if France intervened, she would use the forces against France. |
| When did Don Juan of Austria arrive with a new Spanish army and what did he do? | 1577: he began the reconquest of the Netherlands. |
| How did Elizabeth respond to this? | Thousands of English volunteers went to the Netherlands. Elizabeth warned Phillip that he must accept the Pacification of Ghent and recall Don Juan but he did neither. Still reluctant to go to war with Spain, Elizabeth opted to finance a mercenary force under John Casimir. |
| What did Elizabeth authorise in the same year? | She authorised Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the globe, a voyage backed by financiers who had all advocated a vigorously anti-Spanish policy |
| Who signed an alliance with the Estates-General and William, Prince of Orange (the Dutch prince who was considered the leader of the Dutch rebels) and intervened in the Netherlands? What year? | The French Catholic, Duke of Alençon 1578 (brother of the French King, Henry III) Alençon accepted the offer of the Brussels' States General to be their 'Protector' against Spain |
| Why did the problem of Scotland revive briefly? | James VI became King and fell under the influence of an agent of the Guise family, Esmé Stuart, later the Earl of Lennox. A plot to invade England was drawn up by Stuart but uncovered by Walsingham |
| When was the Duke of Parma appointed to lead the Spanish armies in the Netherlands and who was he? | 1578. He was Phillip's nephew (his mother was Phillip's illegitimate older sister.) He was a very gifted military commander. As the ruler of the large Italian state of Parma, he was wealthy enough to maintain his own spy network and to provide what the Dutch called his 'golden bullets' - the bribes paid out to Dutch leaders to make them betray their cities to the Spanish |
| When did Alençon withdraw his forces and the southern Netherlands make peace with Parma? | 1579 |
| What policy did Elizabeth use in 1579? | Against the wishes of her council, she moved cautiously. She worked to keep Alençon's Dutch campaigns within acceptable limits by resuming their courtship. This bought England time for Hawkins to build up the navy but Alençon was an erratic individual and this form of control was far from ideal. Elizabeth could not still not bring herself to intervene openly against Spain. |
| What happened in 1580 which was a huge boost to Phillip? | Phillip II gained the kingdom of Portugal (the last legitimate heir to the throne of Portugal had died leaving Phillip, whose mother had been a Portuguese princess, as next-of-kin) thus uniting the two wealthiest oceanic empires and giving Phillip a navy which came close to matching England's in size. |
| In 1580, what provocative action did Elizabeth take? | Elizabeth sent Alençon £100,000 to help him revive his campaign in the Netherlands? |
| What policy does Elizabeth operate towards Scotland in 1582? | The Scottish Lords overthrew the Earl of Lennox and Elizabeth's agents worked hard to establish a close alliance with Scotland. Elizabeth established an understanding based on their common religion and his ambition to inherit the English throne. |
| When was the Treaty of Berwick and what was agreed under it? | 1586, both agreed to end hostilities between the two countries |
| What were Parma's victories between 1581 and 1584? | In 1581, Parma launched a new strategy which involved the piecemeal conquest of the rich cities of Flanders and Brabant by a combination of bribery and military force. Bruges and Ghent fell in the summer of 1584 and Parma then began the siege of Antwerp. Antwerp was clearly doomed, particularly after the assassination of William of Orange. The city fell in August and Elizabeth was now faced with the prospect of the whole of the Netherlands coming under Spanish control with the invasion of England as a genuine threat |
| How did Mary of Scots fit into this? | In 1570 Pope Pious V excommunicated Elizabeth, released all her subjects from any allegiance to her and excommunicated any who obeyed her orders. Many affluent Catholics left England with their families and settled in the Spanish-occupied Netherlands. These English exiles considered Elizabeth's cousin Mary, Queen of Scots the legitimate claimant to the English throne. Mary was under house arrest in England and Elizabeth feared she would foment an invasion by a Catholic League of Spain, France, and the Pope if set free. In the Netherlands, the English exiles were plotting to overthrow Elizabeth with military help from their powerful Spanish friends and install Mary in her place. In the Netherlands, just a day's sail from the English coast, Spanish troops under the merciless Duke of Alva stood ready should Philip give the invasion order. |
| Name three things which happened in 1583? | 1. Phillip ordered the construction of a large navy 2. The Spanish ambassador, de Mendoza, involved himself in the Throckmorton Plot 3. Alençon withdrew from the Netherlands and died a year later |
| How did Elizabeth respond to de Mendoza's involvement in the Throckmorton plot? | She expelled him from England in 1584 |
| What increased the inevitability of Spanish victory in the Netherlands? | The assassination of William, Prince of Orange in 1584 |
| Who else died in 1584? | Duke of Anjou (Alençon.) The next heir to the French throne was the Protestant Henry of Navarre (who would become Henry IV of France.) To prevent a Protestant from gaining the French throne, leading French Catholics, such as the Guise, formed the Catholic League and called upon Phillip II for help. |
| What was the name of the secret treaty under which Phillip promised the Catholic League his protection and support? | The Treaty of Joinville |
| What did the Crown and Privy Council try and do as clashes with Spain intensified? | Sought new foreign trading partners and encouraged the establishment of new industries in England, such as glass making, by attracting foreign craftsmen. The government recognised the dangers of relying on a single market (trade was dominated by the London-Antwerp cloth trade) |
| Did Elizabeth support Drake? Why was this significant? When did Drake circumnavigate the globe? | Elizabeth did nothing to prevent men like Drake from attacking Spain's monopoly in the New World. His circumnavigation of the globe in 1577 not only had royal backing but he sailed with instructions from Elizabeth, kept secret even from Cecil, to attack the Spanish empire |
| What other actions showed Elizabeth's growing awareness that war with Spain was inevitable? What was a key turning point in which Elizabeth shifted fro underhand aid to the Dutch and unofficial Caribbean piracy to more decisive action against Spain? | 1. Allowing volunteers to join the Dutch rebels 2. Financing John Casimir's mercenary force 3. Controlling the French army in the Netherlands via her courtship with Alençon In August 1585, Elizabeth concluded the Treaty of Nonsuch with a delegation from the Dutch rebels whereby she promised to send 1,000 calvary and 6,000 infantry to fight against Spain , to grant the rebels subsidies worth £126,000 a year and to provide a governor-general to direct the war. Just before Christmas, the new governor-general - Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester - arrived |
| In what way did Spain have a monopoly on colonialism? | By 1550, trade to the New World required a licence from Spain which was rarely granted to Englishmen. |
| How did England conduct trade with West Africa? | Undertaken by the Barbary Company who traded English cloth for Moroccan sugar and the African Company. |
| When did Hawkins conduct his voyages and what did he trade? | In 1562 and 1564, Hawkins bought slaves in Africa which he sold in America, returning to England with gold, silver and animal skins. A third voyage in 1567 ended in bloodshed when the Spanish attacked Hawkins at San Juan de Ulna in 1568 |
| When did Drake conduct his expedition to Panama and how much did he net of Spanish silver? | 1572, £40,000 |
| During his voyage in 1577, what did Drake capture? Who did he sign a trade treaty with? | The Cacafuego, a Spanish treasure ship carrying £140,000 of treasure. In total, Drake returned to England with an estimated £400,000 worth of treasure captured during attacks on the South American coast. He signed a trade treaty with the Sultan of Ternate. These adventures elicited vigorous formal protests from Spain |
| Who obtained and in what year, a royal patent to establish a colony on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina? | 1584, Walter Raleigh |
| What was the approximate cost of war in the Netherlands (1585-98), in France in support of Henry of Navarre (1589-93), to crush Tyrone's Rebellion in Ireland (1599-1603) and the Armada (1588) | Netherlands: 2,000,000 (7000 troops sent in 1585, 8000 troops sent in 1589-95 and £750,000 sent in aid) France: £580,000 (4000 troops sent in 1589, 7000 troops sent in 1591 and £300,000 sent in aid) Irish Rebellion: £1,000,000 (17,000 troops sent in 1599 and 13,000 troops sent in 1600) The Armada (£161,000) |
| What did Drake do in April 1587? | Drake sailed into Cadiz harbour and sank 30 Spanish vessels thus delaying the preparations for the Armada |
| When did Phillip start to plan the invasion of England? | After Leicester's expedition to the Netherlands |
| What was Phillip's problem? | An invasion could hardly be mounted from the Netherlands because Parma's army needed naval support before it could risk crossing the Channel. Phillip decided on a scheme which involved the despatch of a large fleet from Spain carrying 19,000 soldiers and a siege train. This was to rendezvous with Parma and reinforce his army of 30,000 which would be waiting at the Flemish ports. Then, the whole force would cross the Channel to Kent |
| Having been slowed by Drake's pre-emptive raid, when were the Armada ready and who commanded it? | July 1588, Duke of Medina Sidonia |
| When did the battle of the Armada begin and end? | 29th July - 12th August 1588 |
| After attacking Cadiz in 1587, what did Drake do? | He moved onto Azores where he captured the Portuguese ship, the San Felipe, returning home with £140,000 |
| What did Elizabeth make profit from in 1592? | The capture of the bullion ship Madre de Dios in the East Indies meant a return of £80,000 on Elizabeth's initial outlay of £3000 |
| When did Drake and Hawkins launch a joint attack on the West Indies treasure fleet? What subsequently happened? | 1595, Hawkins died at sea and Drake was defeated by Spain's new defensive measures in Panama. He died in Porto Bello |
| When was the French King, Henry III murdered and who ascended to the French throne? | 1589. Henry III died childless and was ascended by his distant cousin, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre who became Henry IV of France. He appealed to England for help against the Spanish-backed Catholic League, plunging France into civil war. Phillip diverts forces from the Netherlands and Elizabeth commits herself to keeping the Spanish out of France. She sends Henry IV a loan of £20,000 and 4000 men under Willoughby. Parma's army arrived in Paris and a second Spanish force arrived in Brittany, threatening England's Channel defences further |
| When did Elizabeth send a force to Brittany under Sir John Norris? | 1591 but the force was defeated by the Spanish at Craon in 1592 |
| When did the Spanish try and capture the city of Brest in France? What did Elizabeth do in response? | 1594, Elizabeth sent an expedition of eight warships and 4000 men to push the Spanish out of France |
| When did Henry and Phillip agree to peace? | 1598, England now had an ally on the French throne who might act as a check on Spanish power in the future |
| In February 1589, what did Elizabeth order Drake and Norris to do? | The plan was to attack Lisbon before proceeding against Spanish ships in the New World 1. Destroy the remaining Armada ships in the Spanish ports on the Bay of Biscay 2. Seize the Azores as a base for further attacks against the Spanish silver fleets Elizabeth put up £20,000 and her commanders put up £40,000 |
| What actually happened? | 1. The main fleet under Norris and Dtake sailed to Corunna where two weeks were wasted while the crews looted the city 2. It then sailed to Lisbon, leaving the Armada ships untouched and achieving nothing in Lisbon 3. Norris and the main fleet returned to England while Drake set sail for the Azores. He ran into severe gales and was forced to return home having lost a total of £100,000 and £11,000 |
| What was the original reason Willoughby's expedition to France in 1589 but why did it go wrong? | The original plan was to prevent Phillip II from seizing the Normandy Channel ports but Henry IV of France sent a message to Elizabeth saying that English help was no longer needed. Elizabeth ordered Willoughby to stay in Dover but he ignored her orders and set off France. The expedition was a failure and less than half of the original force returned to England in December |
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