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Description
Flashcards by jordanhuselton, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by jordanhuselton
about 13 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 90% of people show selective activation for false beliefs in what area of the brain? | the right tempo-parietal junction |
| Development of self awareness has been studies using measures of what? | self recognition |
| What evidence has suggested that infants may in fact be physically distinct from their surroundings? | the rooting reflex from an external source |
| Studies suggest that infants may be aware of their own view at what age? | 4 months |
| Testing emerging self awareness shows what? | That infants pay close attention to their own bodies by showing a novelty preference for the observer's view |
| When developmental psychologists mark an 18 month child's nose with a red pen, what happens? | The child elicits surprise- a marker for self awareness |
| An _____ sense of self-recognition emerges at 18-24 months? Implicit or explicit. | explicit |
| T or F: the development of self-recognition is about chronological age, not mental age... | false |
| The concept of self receives further elaboration as children achieve mastery of language. What does this enable them to do? | To think and talk about "I" and expand their categorical knowledge of "me" |
| At what age are children able to point to themselves in pictures? | 2 |
| The representation of the self in language is followed by the use of markers that designate what? | the past tense |
| The child's ability to refer to themselves in the past tense indicates what? | an enduring sense of self |
| Which attachment style develops a sense of self more quickly? | secure |
| A child's sense of self is still not as developed as an adult's, for the commit which type of error? | scale errors |
| The life long process of having a concept of yourself and what your strengths and weaknesses are, is what? | self understanding |
| With development, self understanding shows an increasing use of ______ concepts. | psychological |
| With development, self understanding shows a stronger belief in the self's agency and volitional power. What does this mean? | That you are the master of your own fate |
| With development, self understanding shows a tendency toward integration of the disparate aspects of self into an internally consistent construct system. What does this refer to? | One's ability to develop a coherent sense of who you are, as you interact in various ways across situations and people |
| As we get older, our self understanding shifts from _____ to _____. | concrete to abstract |
| Possessions, physical characteristics, preferences and competencies are self concept concerns in what age group? | preschoolers |
| Emotions, social groups and comparisons with peers are self concept concerns in what age group? | school-age children |
| Attitudes, personality traits and being future oriented are self concept concerns in what age group? | adolescents |
| What drives adolescents to think about their futures? | societal pressures |
| At what age do children construct life-story narratives? | 3-5 years |
| What type of self is classified by age, sex, physical characteristics and goodness/badness, and develops with language? | categorical |
| What type of self indicates a view of themselves as persisting over time? | enduring |
| What type of self is developed from adult-child conversation and is made up of autobiographical memories? | remembered |
| Which age group was more likely to refer to situational, behavioral, and emotional aspects of self? | 10 year olds |
| Who was more likely to refer to their personality traits, beliefs and their acceptance of social rules when describing themselves? | adolescents |
| T or F: There is a natural, human-drive to try and make sense of discrepant behaviors | true |
| In Selman's study, at what age group is the belief that the public image an accurate portrayal of the self present? Give an example in relation to "Should Tom buy a puppy for his friend?" | childhood; "No. He said he didn't want a dog, so don't buy him one." |
| In Selman's study, at what age group is the notion of self as self reflective, active controller of one's experience, with recognition that there are limits to this awareness of control present? Give an example in relation to "Should Tom buy a puppy for his friend?" | early adolescence; "Yes. He thinks he doesn't want a dog, but really, it would make him feel better." |
| In Selman's study, at what age group is the notion of 2 different kinds of mental experience, one conscious and one unconscious, that influence one's actions present? Give an example in relation to "Should Tom buy a puppy for his friend?" | late adolescence; "He consciously says he doesn't want a dog and unconsciously wants one." |
| As we age, we shift from an ______ to an _____ inward orientation, as we begin to ask, "What's going on in people's minds?" | outward, inward |
| Judgements we make about our own self worth is known as what? | self esteem |
| Self esteem includes 2 kinds of appraisal. What are they? | global and judgements of different aspects of self |
| What kind of appraisal appears more with age? | global - "I am generally a worth while person" |
| By what age are children beginning to evaluate themselves? | 6-7 years old |
| When one attributes success to ability, has an incremental view of ability and focuses on learning goals, they are ______ oriented. | mastery |
| When one attributes failure to ability, has an entity view of ability (cannot be changed) and focuses on performance goals, they are displaying... | learned helplessness |
| What factors influence achievement related attributions? | parents (too-high standards, trait statement), teachers (learning vs performance goals), gender (stereotypes), ethnicity (prejudice) and cultural values |
| Compared to Chinese mothers, mothers in the U.S. use less _____ related statements after failure and success. | task |
| What investigates our concepts about mental states, such as knowing, thinking, wanting and feeling? | theory of mind |
| It is argued that without theory of mind, we would not be able to do what? | understand and anticipate other people's behavior |
| Children aged ___ to ____ months, appear surprised when an adult picked up the an object they were not looking at. What does this indicate? | 9-10 months; that may understand visual attention indicates interest |
| In relation to theory of mind, when children reach 18 months, they begin to understand 2 things. What are they? | goals and desires |
| Explain how researchers demonstrated a child's understanding of another person's goals/desires using food preferences... | Children 18+ months were able to push across the food the adult liked, while children under 18 months pushed across their preferred food. This indicated that these children understood that people have minds of their own |
| At what age do children acquire the understanding of false belief? | 3-5 years |
| In relation to theory of mind, children aged 18 months - 3 years begin to show improvements in which two areas? | pretence and people's desires and their emotional consequences |
| When do children begin to increase their use of the words pretend, want and feel? | 18 months - 3 years |
| The unexpected transfer task and the deceptive box task are two paradigms of what? | false belief |
| The unexpected-transfer task: Up until age 4.5, children respond that Maxy will look in which cupboard? Why? | the blue one; they cannot appreciate Maxy's false belief |
| Deception and the distinction between appearance and reality develop around the same time as what? | Children passing the false-belief test |
| Children aged 4-6 begin to develop an understanding that different kinds of information are gained through different sense modalities. What does this mean? | Children under 4-6 years may struggle with the concept that those who see an object will be the best judge of color, while those who feel an object will be the best judge of texture |
| At what age do children understand higher-order false beliefs? | 6 - 8 years |
| In relation to theory of mind, at age 6 years+, children can distinguish between ____ and _____, and develop a better understanding of promises. | irony, lies |
| Children's performance on false-belief tests are predicted by their ability in what? | language |
| Some researchers believe that a child's theory of mind evolves mainly from which 2 experiences? | social and conversational |
| Children with _____ siblings do better on false belief tests. Why? | older; the more social interactions you have, the soon you learn about false memories |
| Mary and John want ice cream. Mary runs home to get money, which John waits at school for her to return. On her way back, Mary sees the ice cream truck at the church and gets ice cream. Where does John think Mary thinks the ice cream van is? | 6 - 8 year olds reply the school |
| The frequent use of mental-state language by mothers benefits what? | false belief development |
| Children's success on false-belief tests tend to be + correlated with aspects of executive functioning, especially what? | inhibitory control |
| A child's understanding of false belief benefits from exposure to specific perspective taking discourse. What does this mean? | That different people have different perspectives towards events |
| Longitudinal research suggests that the development of executive function ____ the development of theory of mind, rather than vice versa | drives |
| Living in a world in which you could only understand behavior in terms of temporal and physical contingencies, would be similar to having what? | autism |
| Autism affects ___-____ children per 10,000 | 4-15 |
| What are the 3 diagnostic features of autism? | lack of normal social awareness, lack of communication skills and lack of pretend play |
| Autistic children are impaired on their performance on tests of false-belief understanding. This has led to the idea of... | an impoverished theory of mind is at the heart of autistic behavior |
| What is Mind Blindness and who does it affect? | Autistic children; they idea that they have specific difficulties with representations of thought |
| Charlie is looking at Polos. What does he want? According to autistic children... | They can't tell you. They do not infer that desires come from eye direction, unlike normal developing children |
| According to Baron-Cohen, people with Aspergers score high on systemising and low on empathsising. This is called what and what are the two? | The extreme male brain theory; Systemising is the drive to analyze and explore a system and extract underlying rules that govern the behavior of a system. Empathising is the drive to identify with another person's emotion and thoughts to respond appropriately |
| T or F: children with autism outperform typically-developing children on tests of understanding of false photos and maps. | true |
| Deaf children from deaf families tend to show ____ theory of mind capabilities. | normal |
| In a study on deaf children (ages 9-12) with hearing parents, ____% failed a simple of false belief that hearing preschoolers normally pass. Why? | 65%; may be impeded because they have restricted opportunities for learning about other people's mental life |
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