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Question	Answer
pH Scale	To see which category the solution falls under we add universal indicator so it shows us a colour where we can determine if its an acid, alkali or neutral.
Litmus Paper	Acid: Red Alkaline: Blue
Methyl Orange	Acid: Red Alkaline: Yellow
Phenolphthalein	Acid: Colourless Alkaline: Pink
Base	A base is a substance that neutralises an acid. For example a metal oxide neutralises a metal hydroxide. Examples: Copper Oxide Zinc Hydroxide
Alkalines	An alkali is a substance that neutralises acids and is also soluble in water. Examples: Sodium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide
Neutralisation	Neutralisation is when a base is added to an acid to neutralise and produce neutral products. Neutralising never produces something else than a salt and water.
Hydrochloric acid+ copper oxide	copper chloride + water
Sulfuric acid+ sodium hydroxide	sodium sulfate + water
Nitric acid+ calcium hydroxide	calcium nitrate + water
Neutralisation Reaction	If H+ ions are in the solution then the solution is acidic. If the OH- ions are in the solution then the solution is alkali. That is why when an acid is added to an alkali, water is formed as the hydroxide reacts with the hydrogen. This is also known as a neutralisation reaction
Metal + Acid	Metal Salt + Hydogen
Metal Oxide + Acid	Metal Salt + Water
Metal Carbonate + Acid	Metal Salt + Water + CO2
Metal Hydroxide + Acid	Metal Acid + Water
Nitrates are always	Soluble
Chlorides are always	soluble salts except for silver and lead
Sulphates are always	all soluble salts except for barium, calcium and lead
Carbonates are	all insoluble except for group 1 metals
Group 1 Metals	are all soluble
Hydroxides	are insoluble except for those of sodium, potassium and calcium (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble)
Making Insoluble Salts	1. You make an insoluble salt by reacting two soluble salts 2. When it has reacted, a precipitate will have formed 3. This solution is then filtered to leave the precipitate 4. Then the precipitate is washed with distilled water to get rid of any soluble impurities 5. It is then evaporated in a warm area, this then forms crystals (crystallisation) 6. This is known as a precipitation reaction 7. In an equation, the salt formed will be solid as it is insoluble
Making Soluble Salts	1. You make a soluble salt by either reacting a metal, metal oxide, metal carbonate or metal hydroxide with an acid 2. You add excess base to make sure all the acid has reacted 3. Then you filter off the excess base and wash the residue with distilled water so the soluble salt is at the filtrate 4. Then you evaporate the water from the filtrate to be left with the salt crystals 5. In an equation, the salt formed will be aqueous as it is soluble
Making Copper Sulphate Crystals	1.you can use either copper oxide or copper carbonate and react it with sulphuric acid. (Copper oxide is black) (Copper carbonate is green)
Titration Investigation	1. Clean out the apparatus with the solution you will use to avoid contamination - Burette – Acid - Pipette – Alkali 2. Make sure everything is read at eye level and at the meniscus 3. Measure the specific amount of alkali in a pipette with a pipette filler 4. Pour the alkali solution into a conical flask 5. Add phenolphthalein to the conical causing it to turn pink 6. Pour the acid into the burette to a specific volume, this is the starting point 7. Slowly add the acid in the burette to the alkali in the conical flask until the indicator turns colourless, this is your end point 8. The titre value is the difference between the starting and ending point 9. You have to rinse the pipette with an alkali solution 10. You have to rinse the burette with an acidic solution 11. You have to rinse the conical flask with distilled water 12. This is a neutralisation reaction as water is formed

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	Created by Maxime PANS about 6 years ago