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| Question | Answer |
| Main source of energy? | Sun |
| What are Autotrophs? | 1. Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food 2. use light energy from the sun to produce food in form of glucose. |
| What does life on earth depend on? | Depends on the flow of energy |
| Examples of Autotrophs? | All green plants Some bacteria Some protists Algae |
| What are Heterotrophs? | 1. Organisms that cannot make their own food 2. they must consume food. |
| Examples of Heterotrophs? | All animals All fungi |
| What do plants use the suns energy for? | To produce glucose |
| What is Photosynthesis? | Photosynthesis is converting radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose |
| Principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy? | 1. ATP 2. ADP |
| What is ATP? | 1. Adenosine Triphosphate 2. Rich in energy ( like a charged battery) |
| What is ADP? | 1. Adenosine Diphosphate 2. Energy poor (like a dead battery) |
| What does ATP's structure consist of? | 1. Nitrogen Base, Adenine 2. A chain of 3 Phosphates 3. Ribose, a five carbon sugar |
| How does ADP become ATP? | ATP is formed when a phosphate is added to ADP. The addition of a third phosphate stores energy. |
| How many phosphate groups does ATP have? | ATP has 3 phosphate groups |
| How many phosphate groups does ADP have? | ADP has 2 phosphate groups |
| When a cell needs energy, what happens to the 3rd phosphate in ATP? | The 3rd phosphate is removed, be removing it energy is released. |
| ATP has enough stored energy to power a variety of cellular activities such as? | 1. muscle contraction 2. Photosynthesis 3. protein synthesis 4. Active transport across the cell membrane |
| Is the ATP molecule a basic energy source for all living cells? | YES |
| Is ATP in cells used continuously and regenerated continuously? | YES |
| In photosynthesis, What do plants use the energy from the sun for? | They use it to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy sugar molecules |
| What is a waste product of photosynthesis? | Oxygen |
| Life on earth is dependant on photosynthesis for? | Food and oxygen |
| Photosynthesis Equation? | 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 +6O2 |
| Where is Carbon dioxide found? | CO2 is found in the atmosphere and is taken in by the leaves of the plant |
| Where is the water when it is absorbed by plants? | H2O is in the ground and is absorbed by the roots of the plant |
| What is a Pigment? | A pigment is any substance that absorbs light. Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths. |
| How do plants absorb the suns energy? | They absorb the energy with light absorbing pigments |
| Where is the green pigment chlorophyll contained? | Chlorophyll is contained in the Chloroplast |
| Where are the pigments of other colours contained? | Other coloured pigments are contained in the Chromoplasts |
| What are the colours of the visible spectrum ? | red, orange, violet, green, blue, yellow and indigo |
| Are the colours we see, of different wavelengths of light being absorbed or reflected by a pigment? | Reflected |
| chlorophyll is able to absorb all colours except which? | Green because chlorophyll reflects already |
| What are the 2 main types of Chlorophyll? | Chlorophyll - a : blue - green Chlorophyll - b : yellow - green |
| what are the major organs of Photosynthesis? | The leaves |
| what does the structure of a leaf contain? | 1. Mesophyll 2. Stomata 3. Vascular Bundles (Veins) |
| What is the Cuticle? | A cuticle is the waxy covering on the upper and lower part of the leafs surface to help prevent water loss |
| What is the Mesophyll? | The mesophyll is the middle area of the leaf that is composed of palisade and spongy cells. Both types of cells contain many chloroplasts The palisade layer is the most photosynthetic layer of the leaf |
| What are the Stomata? | Stomata are pores on the underside of leaves which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exists. Stomata are the opening into leaves. They contain guard cells on either side of them to help them open and close. |
| Are stomata a source of water loss and if so how? | Yes they are a source of water loss because when the stomata open to let in carbon dioxide, water escapes. Stomata are usually found on the lower surface of the leaf because it helps reduce water loss. |
| what are Vascular Bundles? | Vascular Bundles are the veins of leafs. They contain xylem and phloem |
| What is xylem in vascular bundles? | Xylem carries water up the plant and water is also brought to the leaf through the xylem. |
| What is the phloem in vascular bundles? | The phloem carries food down the plant, The glucose made will exist the leaf through the phloem and will be carried off to the rest of the plants parts |
| What are big stacks of thylakoids called? | Grana |
| what do thylakoids contain? | they contain Chlorophyll |
| What surrounds the thylakoids? | The dense solution (fluid) called Stroma |
| Do chloroplasts have a double membrane separated by a space between them ? | yes |
| Are thylakoids in the interior of chloroplasts? | Yes they are, thylakoids make up a third membrane system in chloroplasts |
| Are thylakoids the structural unit for photosynthesis? | yes |
| What form do thylakoids take? | they take the form of flattened sacs or vesicles |
| Are chlorophyll molecules built into thylakoid membranes ? | Yes they are, they capture the light energy from the sun |
| Where does Photosynthesis take place? | It takes place in the chloroplasts (in leaves) |
| What are the clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments called? | Photosystems (light collecting units of chloroplasts) |
| When sunlight hits molecules of chlorophyll, the electrons in the chlorophyll molecules become what? | The electrons become very excited |
| Excited electrons are electrons that have? | gained a great deal of energy |
| What do high energy electrons need? | A carrier |
| What do cells use electron carriers for? | They use them to transport high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules. |
| What is an electron carrier? | It is a compound that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule. Process is called Electron Transport Electron carriers are known as the Electron Transport Chain |
| One Electron Carrier is known as? | NADP+ |
| When is NADP+ converted into NADPH | It is converted when NADP+ accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+) |
| What does NADPH do? | NADPH will carry the high energy electrons it gained when it was converted, to chemical reactions elsewhere in the chloroplast |
| what are high energy electrons used for? | They are used to build molecules of glucose |
| Photosynthesis takes place in which 2 stages? | 1. The light Dependent Reactions & 2. The Light Independent Reactions also called the dark reaction & Calvin Cycle |
| Where do Light Dependent Reactions take place? | They take place within the thylakoid membranes |
| Where do Light Independent Reactions take place? | They take place in the Stroma - which is the region outside of the thylakoids |
| How many Photosystems are there? | 2 |
| What is a photosystem? | A photosystem is a collection of pigment molecules ( chlorophyll ) that serve as the light collecting unit. |
| Enzymes in the thylakoid membrane break apart what? | They break apart water molecules into: 2 electrons 2 H+ ions & 1 Oxygen atom |
| High energy electrons are passed down the electron transport chain from? | Photosystem 2 to photosystem 1 |
| As electrons are passed down the electron transport chain, protein molecules use the energy from these electrons to create what? | ATP |
| Do the chlorophyll molecules in photosystem ! absorb energy from the sun and use it to re-energise the electrons? | Yes |
| How is NADPH formed? | It is formed when the electron carrier NADP+ picks up these high-energy electrons along with a H+ |
| What is the purpose of light dependent reactions? | Their purpose is to produce ATP and NADPH that are needed for the light independent reactions |
| Are water molecules continuously split? | Yes |
| Where will hydrogen accumulate once water molecules split? | Inside the thylakoid |
| Where will the oxygen go once water molecules split? | Oxygen is released into the atmospshere |
| Where do light dependent reactions take place? | They take place in the thylakoid |
| Light dependent reactions pass electrons continuosly from where to where? | They pass from water to NADPH |
| Photosystem 2 and photosystem 1 work together, using the light energy from the sun to produce what? | ATP and NADPH |
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