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Description
Flashcards by Noor Shoukri, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Noor Shoukri
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the definition of Innovation? | The intentional introduction and application within a role, group or organization of ideas, processes, products or procedures, new to the relevant unit of adoption, designed to significantly benefit the individual, the group or wider society. |
| What is a healthcare innovation? | The introduction of a new concept, idea, service, process or product aimed at improving treatment, diagnosis, eduction, outreach, prevention and research with the longterm goals of improving quality, safety, outcomes, efficiency and costs. |
| What is product innovation? | The introduction of a good or service that is new or significantly improved with respects to its characteristics and intended uses. |
| What is a process innovation? | The implementation of a new or significantly improved production or delivery method. |
| What is an incremental innovation? | Small improvements in existing products and/or business processes. |
| What is semi-radical innovation? | An innovation that requires little change to either the technology or business model. |
| What is a radical innovation? | New products or services that are being delivered in entire new ways. |
| What is outsourcing? | Obtaining goods or services by contracts from an outside supplier. |
| What is the definition of Quality of Care according to Donabedian (1980)? | Quality of care is the kind of care which is expected to maximize an inclusive measurement of the patients welfare, after one has taken into account the balance of expected gains and losses that attend the process of care in all its parts. |
| What is the definition of Quality of Care according to the Institute of Medicine (1990)? | Quality of care is the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood for desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. |
| What are the main dimensions of Quality of Care according to the IoM? | Safety, Timeliness, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Patient-centeredness and Equitability (STEEPE). |
| What is the definition of Effectiveness? | The degree to which attainable improvements in health are attained. |
| What is the definition of efficiency? | The ability to lower the costs of care without diminishing attainable improvements in health. |
| What is the definition of safety? | Avoiding injuries to patients from care that is intended to help them. |
| What is the definition of equitability? | Providing care that does not vary in quality, because of personal characteristics. |
| What is the definition of patient-centeredness? | Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual preferences, needs and values. |
| What is the definition of timeliness? | Reducing waits and harmful delays for those who receive or give care. |
| What is the definition of Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI)? | CQI is a structured organizational process for involving personnel in planning and executing a continuous flow of improvements to provide quality health care that meets or exceeds expectations. |
| What is the definition of choice talk? | Choice talk is the step of making sure that the patient knows reasonable options with regards to treatment are available. |
| What is the definition of option talk? | Option talk is the next step of providing more neutral, detailed information about the available options. |
| What is the definition of decision talk? | Decision talk is the third step which emphasizes supporting the work of considering preferences and deciding what is best. |
| What is the definition of shared decision making? | Shared decision making is an approach where clinicians and patients share the best available evidence when faced with the task of making decisions and where patients are supported to consider options to achieve informed preferences. |
| What is the definition of safety? | Safety is the freedom from accidental injuries. |
| What is the definition of a safety model? | A safety model is the description of the way in which an organization functions and accidents happen, which makes a system either safe or unsafe. |
| What is the definition of a safety management model? | A safety management model constitutes the background assumptions made in an organization to manage and improve safety. |
| What is the definition of a safety management system? | A safety management system is the collection of systematic organizational processes, such as the practical identification of roles, tasks and responsibilities, that are needed in order to steer the organization to ensure and develop safety. |
| What is the definition of a person approach? | A person approach is focusing on the individual with regards to errors, mistakes and failure to take action. |
| What is the definition of a system approach? | A system approach leans more towards taking into account the conditions under which a staff member or employee works with regards to errors, mistakes and failures to take action. |
| What is the definition of a Root Cause Analysis (RCA)? | A retrospective analysis that studies what went wrong in hindsight when an adverse event has occurred. |
| What is the definition of a Failure Modes and Effect Analysis? | A prospective analysis that seeks to imaginatively identify potential failures and their effects. |
| What is the definition of Human Factors Engineering? | A framework for efficient and constructive thinking which includes methods and tools that help healthcare teams perform patient safety analysis. |
| What is the definition of a chronic disease? | A chronic disease is a disease which requires ongoing management over a period of years or decades and covers a wide range of health problems, which go beyond the conventional definition of a chronic illness. |
| What is the definition of Chronic Care Management? | Chronic Care Management is a form of management that emphasizes the importance of improving the quality of care by focussing on health promotion and prevention. |
| What is the definition of Disease Management? | Disease Management is a system of coordinated healthcare interventions and communications for populations with conditions in which self-care efforts are significant. |
| What is the Chronic Care Model (Wagner)? | The Chronic Care Model is a model which is developed for primary care of patients with chronic illnesses to be a helpful guide used in developing effective chronic care. |
| What is the Triple Aim Model? | The Triple Aim Model is a broader system of three interlinked goals/components designed to achieve high-value healthcare, which are not independent goals but influence each other. |
| Can you provide three developments that explain the need to innovate in healthcare? Please explain what they are. | 1) An increasing incidence of chronic diseases caused by an aging population. 2) Pressure on the labour force and the associated rising healthcare costs. 3) Strong demand for high-quality care. |
| What are currently the main challenges in healthcare? | 1) To provide the best possible care. 2) To provide care to as many people as reasonably possible. 3) To provide care as affordable as possible. |
| What is the role of innovation within this process? | 1) Helping to improve the performance of the healthcare system. 2) Helping to improve the health outcomes for individuals. 3) Helping to increase the efficiency of healthcare delivery. |
| Can you provide three drawbacks of developing more innovation? Please describe what they are. | 1) Innovation requires large investments, while there is uncertainty about the ROI. 2) Not all science and technology is implemented into everyday mainstream healthcare practice (waste). 3) There is oftentimes considerable time lag between development and implementation (waste). 4) Innovation is not always adopted correctly and not everyone has equal access. 5) Innovation often increases costs because it allows us to provide more healthcare. |
| Can you provide four explanations for the difficulty to develop and implement innovations in healthcare compared to other sectors. | 1) Healthcare is very complex. 2) Healthcare is always evolving. 3) Healthcare is heavily regulated. 4) Healthcare is highly politicized. |
| Which factors can complicate the innovation process within healthcare? | 1) The nature of healthcare technology and innovation. 2) Risk-averse culture and extensive regulation 3) Economics and politics of healthcare 4) Environment for adoption and implementation is often extremely complex. |
| Which type of classifications can be helpful to categorize innovations? | Innovations can be classified according to: 1) The degree of newness 2) The form or application 3) The innovativeness 4) Origin 5) Openness 6) Impact |
| Which departments of an organizations can be involved with regards to the development of innovations? | The following departments can play a critical role within the development of innovations: 1) R&D 2) Industrial Design 3) Marketing 4) Sales 5) Operations 6) Financing and Accounting 7) HRM 8) Senior Management 9) External resources |
| What are the various trends in innovation management research? | 1) Stage-Gate Model 2) Voice of the Customer 3) Portfolio Management 4) Diffusion of Innovation 5) Culture of Innovation 6) Disruptive Innovation 7) Business Model Innovation 8) Open Innovation 9) The Innovation Rocket |
| What are the five components of the Pentathlon Framework (Goffin & Mitchell)? | 1) Ideas generation 2) Selection 3) Implementation 4) Innovation Strategy 5) People, Culture and Organization |
| What are the types of innovation that can be distinguished? | 1) Drug innovations 2) Innovations in Medical devices 3) Service innovations |
| What are the biggest challenges for managing drug innovations? | 1) The rise in lower costs generic drugs (after patent expiry). 2) Greater competition from Indian and other manufacturers of generic drugs. 3) An increasing tight regulatory and payer environment. |
| What are the biggest challenges for managing innovations in medical devices? | 1) The innovation process is more varied and less formalized than for the drug industry. 2) Specialist input from a range of disciplines is often needed. 3) The approval process for medical devices has grown to become more complicated and expensive. 4) The fragmented nature of the medical device industry makes cooperation harder and much more costly. 5) Adoption is often a larger problem for companies than product development. |
| What are the biggest challenges with regards to the management of service innovations? Provide three suggestions. | 1) Customer involvement is essential, but not always easy to achieve. 2) Discussing intangible services can be hard. 3) Comparison between innovations is difficult. 4) IT can form a bottleneck for its implementation. 5) Many different persons/functions are involved in service innovations, which makes it complex to implement. 6) Staff (re)training is crucial. 7) Innovation strategy can be difficult to articulate because of the intangible nature of services. |
| What is the definition of "Quality of Care" according to Donabedian (1980)? | Quality of care is the kind of care that is expected to maximize an inclusive measurement of patient welfare, after one has take account of the balance of gains and losses that attent the process of care in all its parts. |
| What is the definition of "Quality of Care" according to the Institute of Medicine (1990)? | Quality of care is the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge. |
| What are the six dimensions of quality, according to the IoM? | 1) Safety 2) Timeliness 3) Effectiveness 4) Efficiency 5) Patient-centeredness 6) Equitability |
| What are the different approaches with regards to quality management? | 1) Quality Assurance 2) Total Quality Management 3) Continuous Quality Improvement |
| What aspects of quality of care can be assessed? | 1) Structure 2) Process 3) Outcome |
| Which levels can be assessed with regards to quality? | 1) The health system (macro level) 2) The organizational level (meso level) 3) The clinical level (micro level) |
| What defines personalization of care? | 1) Intense interaction and communication between customer and supplier. 2) Selecting or filtering information objects for an individual by using information about that individual and negotiating selection with the individual. 3) Strategies directed at a market of one. |
| What is the definition of Shared Decision Making, according to Elwyn (2012)? | Shared decision making is an approach where clinicians and patients share the best available evidence when faced with the task of managing decisions, and where patients are supported to consider options, to achieve informed preferences. |
| What are the three steps of the shared decision making model for clinicians? | 1) Choice talk 2) Option talk 3) Decision talk |
| Which factors can influence a patients willingness and ability to participate in quality improvement? Provide five factors. | 1) Sense of self-efficacy 2) Acceptance of a new more active role as patients 3) Perceived preventability of incidents 4) Perceived effectiveness of their actions 5) Health literacy |
| What are the reasons to measure consumer satisfaction (Sollecito & Johnson, 2013)? Provide five reasons. | 1) To improve the quality of care 2) To provide information to the consumers 3) To ensure more safety 4) To lower costs 5) For reasons of accountability |
| Which type of methods can be used to measure consumer satisfaction? Please name three examples per method. | Type of methods that can be used: 1) Qualitative modalities (e.g. management documentation, employee feedback programs, work teams and quality circles). 2) Quantitative modalitites (comment card with ratings, surveys, point of service interviews). |
| What is patient safety, according to the WHO (2003)? | Freedom for a patient from unneccesary harm or potential harm caused by adverse events in any healthcare setting. |
| What is patient safety, according to Emmanuel (2008)? | A discipline in the healthcare sector that applies safety methods towards to goal of achieving a trustworthy system of healthcare delivery. Patient safety is also an attribute of health care systems. It minimizes the incidence and impact of, and maximizes recovery from, adverse events. |
| What are the two different approaches towards improving patient safety? | 1) Traditional approach (person) 2) Current approach (system) |
| What are the components of safety management, according to Macchi (2011)? | 1) Safety definition 2) Safety model 3) Safety management model 4) Safety management system |
| Which two types of reporting system are available for collecting data to manage patient safety? | 1) Learning systems 2) Accountability systems |
| What are the three widely used methods for analyzing patient safety? | 1) Root Cause Analysis 2) Failure Modes and Effect Analysis 3) Human Factors Engineering |
| What is the definition of a chronic condition, according to Nolte (2014)? | Conditions that are either incurable or require prolonged treatment and care, for which there is a chance of developing intercurrent episodes or acute illness associated with the chronic condition. |
| How does a chronic condition impact an individual patient? Provide three examples. | 1) The condition causes a health burden 2) Patients have to start interacting more with healthcare providers 3) Patients have to strictly adhere to treatment regimens |
| How does a chronic condition impact society? Provide three examples. | 1) High economic burden of costs associated with health care use, medication and other interventions. 2) Increased absenteeism. 3) Reduced productivity at work. |
| How does a chronic condition impact the healthcare system? Provide three examples. | 1) Increased complexity of care 2) Focus on prevention of chronic conditions 3) Providing services that meet the requirements caused by chronic health problems. |
| Which models and strategies have been developed to help improve care for patients with chronic conditions? | 1) Disease Management 2) Integrated Care 3) Chronic Care Model 4) Triple Aim 5) Population Health Mangement 6) 10-Building Blocks model |
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