15711742
Description
Flashcards by Briana Mcnair, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Briana Mcnair
over 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is a stressor? | Stimuli that cause or produce stress and challenge our ability to cope. |
| Types of Stressors | Internal - personal problem External - too much homework |
| What is stress? | A state of physiological (biological) and psychological arousal produced by internal or external stressors that are perceived by the individual as challenging. |
| What is acute stress? | It is a brief and specific stress, for example homework |
| What is chronic stress? | It is an ongoing stress which means you have an increased arousal level and it can be harmful to our health and wellbeing. |
| What is Eustress? | A positive psychological response to a stressor, as indicated by the presence of positive psychological states. Example - performing in a play. |
| What is Distress? | A negative psychological response to a stressor. - Can be short-term but can persist - serious and debilitating consequences for your physical and mental health. |
| What is a daily pressure in relation to stress? | Stress is caused mainly from minor troubles or concerns that arise from daily life. EXAMPLE: arguments with a friend or waiting in line. |
| What is a Life Event in relation to Stress? | A life event involves changes that forces us to adapt to new circumstances. EXAMPLE: beginning a new career or changing school. |
| What is Acculturative Stress? | It is the psychological impact of adaptation to a new culture. EXAMPLE: Immigrants, international students and refugees can experience language difficulties, racial or ethnic discrimination and homesick. |
| What is a Major Stressor? | Is an event that is extraordinarily stressful or disturbing for almost everyone who experiences it. They are often known as psychological traumatic events because they involve experiences that are life threatening, or there is a threat to a persons physical or psychological wellbeing. |
| What is a catastrophe in relation to stress? | It is an unpredictable event that causes widespread damage or suffering. The event is a stressor of massive proportion -- one that the majority of people involved would interpret as stressful. Example : Typhoon. |
| What is the Fight - Flight - Freeze Response? | It is a response that occurs from the arousal of the sympathetic NS and is activated when we are confronted by a stressor. Its an adaptive response that gives the body necessary resources for maximal survival. |
| Yerkes - Dodson : Performance and Arousal Model | If you have a low arousal you will have a poor performance, you will also have a poor performance if you have a high level of arousal. You perform your best when you have a moderate level of arousal. |
| What is cortisol? | Cortisol is a hormone that is vital for maintaining the health and wellbeing of the body when under stress. |
| What does cortisol do? | Cortisol increases the bodies ability to fight the stress however it also decreases the bodies immunity. |
| What happens when a stressor is prolonged? | Cortisol becomes depleted which is also known as the exhaustion stage. Here, the body isn't able to cope with the stressor anymore. |
| What did Hans Selye discover? | By exposing rats to large amounts stress this caused major damage to their organs. This lead to the discovery that stress can cause death. |
| What is Selyes General Adaption Syndrome? | It explains the experience of stress from a physiological perspective. He believed when an individual is threatened they move through 3 different stages. |
| What are the GAS stages? | Alarm Reactions - shock and counter shock Resistance Phase - cope with stressor Exhaustion phase - reserves depleted |
| What are the symptoms of the Alarm Reaction stage in the GAS? | Alarm reaction - body acts as though its injured, blood pressure & body temp drop. Fight-Flight-Freeze response activated, adrenaline released. |
| What are the symptoms of the Resistance Stage in the GAS? | Resistance Phase - Cortisol released & all unnecessary functions are shut down. Individual appears normal. |
| What are the symptoms of the Exhuastion Stage in the GAS? | Resources are depleted, immune system is left weakened and prolonged release of adrenalin has negative effects on the body. Individual is susceptible to illness. |
| What are the strengths of the GAS | - It measures a predictable pattern which can measured in individuals. - If stress is not prolonged stages are still experienced therefore tracks biological patterns in different types of stress. |
| What are the limitations of the GAS? | - Research was not done on humans - Does not account for individual difference and psychological factors. |
| What are psychological determinants of stress? | Consideration of the role the individuals and psychological factors have on the development & experience of stress. - TYPE A - high stress, high demand - TYPE B - calm, enjoy pace they set |
| What are psychological factors in relation to determinants of stress? | - Personality - Rick taking & challenge - Resources & support - Optimism vs Pessimism - Lifestyle pace & demands - Past experiences with stress -Family & friendships |
| What is Lazarus & Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping? | It is a framework for evaluating the processes of coping with stressful events. |
| Lazarus & Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping. Explain IT | Stress involves a transaction between an individual & their external environment. A stress response depends upon the individuals interpretation of the stressor and their ability to cope with it. |
| Explain Lazarus & Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping appraisals. | Primary Appraisal - Evaluation of the significance of a stressor or threatening event. Secondary Appraisal - Evaluation of the controllability of the stressor and a person’s coping resources. Coping Efforts - Actual strategies used to mediate primary and secondary appraisals. |
| What are Sensory Neurons? | They are nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organisms environment into internal electrical impulses. They carry signals from the PNS to the CNS. |
| What are interneurons? | They communicated between sensory & motor neurons. They are found in the CNS. |
| What are motor neurons? | They carry signals from the CNS to the outer parts of your body (muscles, skin) |
| What is the typical neural communication order? | Receptor site Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron Effector site |
| What do the different parts of a neuron do? | Dendrite - receives incoming neural messages. Soma - contains nucleus with genetic material for neuron. Axon - pathway which neural message travels Myelin Sheath - fatty tissue around axon that aids in speed of transmission Axon Terminals - exit pathway for neural messages Terminal buttons - releases neurotransmitters to a receiving neuron for communication purposes. |
| What is a neurotransmitter? | It is a chemical substance, typically made up of small molecules. |
| What happens when a neurotransmitter is released? | When released it finds the receptor on the post-synaptic neuron. Each neurotransmitter binds with its specific type of receptor. |
| What is the lock and key process? | The lock and key process when neurotransmitters only affect postsynaptic receptor sites that have the correct shape for that particular molecule, in the same way that a key has to have the shape to fit the lock. |
| What is an Excitatory Neurotransmitter? | It caused neurons to fire and hence stimulate a response. |
| What is Glutamate? | Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter and is essential for memory formation and learning. |
| What is Dopamine? | Dopamine is another excitatory neurotransmitter and is important for drive, motivation & motor movement (PLEASURE) |
| What are Inhibitory Neurotransmitters? | They stop neurons from firing and hence inhibit a response. |
| What is Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) | GABA is essential for motor control, vision and decreasing anxiety. (CALMING) |
| What process is neural communication? | It is a electrochemical process. Neurons don't move move, they communicate messages. Neurons adapt physically to suit the frequency & speed of necessary communication. |
| Communication within a neuron. EXPLAIN | - a neuron has resting potential when not activated. Negatively charged ions are inside the axon and positively charged ions are outisde. - An action potential is initiated by the soma & travels along the axon to the axon terminals. - This turns the negatively charged ions to positive, and the external ones negative. - Communication within neurons is electrical energy. |
| Explain the communication between neurons. | - The synaptic knob of the pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters across the synapse. - These are received by dendrites of the post-synaptic neurons. - Communication between neurons uses chemical energy. |
| How do neurotransmitter interruptions occur? | They occur from an imbalance or deficiency in a particular type of neurotransmitter. |
| What causes neurotransmitter interruptions? | They may be naturally occurring or self induced. Common causes include: - alcohol & drugs - Diet & nutrition - Stress - Genetics |
| What are the side effects of neurotransmitter interruptions? | Side effects are many and varied, some can be permanent & others short-term. - mental health disorder - addiction - immobility - weight loss or gain |
| How do you treat neurotransmitter interruptions? | It can be treated through drugs and medication that artificially replace the lost neurotransmitter. The biggest problem with this is that it does not help the natural production, it actually suppresses it . |
| What is Parkinson's Disease? | it is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by tremors and muscle twitches. |
| What causes Parkinson's Disease? | Nerve cell damage in the brain causes dopamine levels to drop, leading to the symptoms of Parkinson's. |
| What does the central nervous system do? | It receives information from the peripheral nervous system, processes a response and then responds. It is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. |
| What does the Brain do? | It regulates and guides all other parts of the NS. It is responsible for functions such as planning, thinking and learning. |
| What does the Spinal Cord do? | It passes sensory information from the PNS to the brain and passes motor information from the brain to the PNS. |
| What does SAME mean? | Sensory - Afferent - towards brain Motor - Efferent - away from brain |
| What is the Peripheral Nervous System? | Complete network of neurons located outside the CNS, compromising of muscles, organs and glands. Has 2 sub divisons. |
| What does the PNS do? | It carries information from sensory organs to the CNS and conveys information from CNS to muscles, organs and glands. |
| What is the Somatic NS? | A network of neurons within the body that transmits info from the receptor sites on the sense organs to the CNS & carries info from the CNS to the MUSCLES that control movement. It controls all VOLUNTARY movement. |
| What is the Autonomic NS? | A network of neurons that carries neural messages between the CNS and the heart, lungs and other organs and glands. It has 2 sub divisions. |
| What does the Autonomic NS do? | It regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands automatically -- without you being consciously aware of it. |
| What does the Sympathetic NS do? | - Activates internal muscles, organs and glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity, or to deal with a stressful or threatening situation. - Releases adrenalin, increases heart rate & respiration & dilates the pupils for better visions. - Also activates F-F-F response. |
| What is the Fight- Flight - Freeze response? | It is initiated by the sympathetic nervous system and prepares the body to confront a stressful situation to optimise the chance of survival. |
| What does the Parasympathetic NS do? | Conserves enegry as it slows the heart rate, increases intestinal and gland activity, and relaxes sphincter muscles in the gastrointestinal tract. |
| What is the spinal reflex? | Is an automatic response initiated by interneurons in the spinal cord, instead of the brain. Whilst the spinal reflex is initiated, sensory messages continue to the brain. Pain isn't felt until it reaches the brain, although response has occured. |
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