16584764
Description
Flashcards by Wiebke Richter, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Wiebke Richter
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Linguistics | > academic discipline > studies language as a system and language use |
| branches of Linguistics | Phonetics -> production of speech sounds Phonology -> interested in set of sounds of one language and their relationships grammar syntax -> structure of sentences morphology -> strucutre of words semantics -> dictionary meaning pragmatics -> contextual meaning Discourse Analysis -> structure of texts sociolinguisitics -> impact of social factors on language use |
| Why do we need language? | > express emotions > poetry > clarify misunderstandings > establish/ maintain relationships > exchange information > represent cultural heritage |
| types of communication | referetial phatic connative emotive poetic metalingual |
| referential | just information |
| phatic | (dis-) establishing a channel |
| connative | command, get so. to do sth. |
| emotive | express emotions/feelings |
| poetic | for entertainment, e.g. rhymes, metaphors |
| metalingual | clear up misunderstandings |
| types of signals | communicative -> intentionally sent informative -> unintentionally sent |
| Properties of human language | displacement reflexivity productivity cultural transmission arbitrariness dualtiy |
| displacement | ability to talk about things that are not in the immediate sorroundings (place + time) and imaginary thins |
| reflexivitiy | ability to talk about the forms and functions of language |
| productivity | ability to form new expressions in order to respond to a change in the environment |
| cultural transmission | language is not inherited from biological parents, it's aquired through the cultural surroundings |
| arbitrariness | there is no natural connection (sound + spelling) between the form of a word and what it denotes except: onomatopoeia: sound of a word immitates what it denotes |
| duality | language is organized on two levels sound level (AmE = 40 sounds) meaning level (infinite meaning) |
| Morphology | breaking down words into their basic elements |
| morpheme | smallest unit that can carry meaning or grammatical function an abstraction/ an idea of sth. |
| free morphemes | can be lexical or functional |
| lexical morphemes | open word class (= you can easily add new words to it) nouns verbs adjectives adverbs -> carry main meaning |
| functional morphemes | Closed word class (= you can't just easily add words to it) articles prepostitions pronouns modals |
| bound morphemes | can't stand alone either derivational or inflectional |
| derivational morphemes | pre or suffixes change word class mad - ness change meaning un - friendly |
| inflectional morphemes | only suffixes, that indicate grammatical relationships 8 inflections nouns: plural -s posessive -s verbs: past tense -ed present participle -ing past participle -ed/-en 3rd person singular -s adjectives: comperative -er superlative -est |
| important | derivation before inflection ! |
| allomorph | concrete realization of an abstract idea e.g. idea: past tense bleached was/were hurt sang -> all morphemes that form past tense -> same function and therefore a set of allomorphs |
| etymology | study of the origin and history of a words > trace pronunciation and meaning over time |
| Word formation | coinage backformation clipping hypocorisms loan-translation/ calque eponyms acronyms derivation zero-derivation blending borrowing compounding phrasal compound |
| coinage | invention of totally new terms e.g. invented trade names for commercial products -> kleenx, nylon, google |
| eponyms | new words based on name of a person/ place -> hoover, volt |
| borrowing | taking over words from other languages Croissant |
| loan-translation/ calque | direct translation of words into borrowing language Übermensch -> superman |
| compounding | combine 2 seperate words to produce a single form stem + stem book + case bookcase |
| phrasal compound | merry-go-around forget-me-not |
| blending | taking beginning of one word and the ending of another smoge + fog -> smog |
| clipping | word of more than one syllable reduced to shorter form cabriolet -> cab |
| hypocorism | reduction of words to single syllable + adding -y -ie to end granny, brekky |
| backformation | word of one type (usally noun) is reduced to another type (usallly verb) donation -> donate Which existed first? |
| conversion/ zero-derivation | changing function/ word class without changing the form cook (n/v) butter (n/v) |
| acronyms | new words formes from initial letters CD |
| derivation | production of a new word by adding affixes |
| Syntax | structure of components/ phrases/clauses within a sentence |
| surface strucure | -> different syntactic forms individual sentences have -> concrete level of language use |
| deep structure | -> abstract level, represents all sentence elements, makes an idea available |
| structual ambguity | some sentence have 2 diiferent deep strucutres I saw a kid with my glasses |
| recursion | repeatability of rules in the production of structures e.g. adding several PPs to a sentence The lady drives a bus in London at night in winter |
| phrase structure rules | > are a formalized representation of how structures are built > they represent templates that need to be filled |
| lexical rules | > provide the elements to fill these templates |
| label + bracket | 1. bracket indiviudal words 2. bracket noun phrase 3. bracket verb phrase 4. all of this is a sentence |
| Sentence | consists of a noun phrase and a verb phrase |
| a noun phrase | Art N det (adj) N Pro PN (proper noun) |
| Verb phrase | Verb and Complement phrase Complement phrase -> C S |
| prescriptive approach | grammar as a set of rules for the 'proper' use of language |
| descriptive approach | trying to describe regular structures of language as it was used, not how it should be used |
| structural analysis | investigate distribution of forms in language |
| constituent analysis | same descriptive aims shows how small constituents form larger ones |
| Semantics | study of conventional meaning of words, phrases, sentences |
| conceptual meaning | basic, essential component of meaning conveyed by literal use of a word needle -> thin, sharp, steel instrument |
| associative meaning | needle may mean pain or blood for some people -> associations |
| Semantic feature analysis | > words are treated as containers (containing meaning) > list different semantic features that describe an object/ person ,.. > for some (e.g. girl) it's easier to find these features than for others (e.g. love) > abstractions are not as easy to decribe by this type of analysis |
| Semantic roles | agent theme instrument experiencer location goal source |
| agent | "entity that performs an action" |
| theme | entity taht is involved or affected by action |
| instrument | if agent uses another entity in order to perform an action |
| experiencer | NP used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, state, perception |
| locarion | where an entity is |
| source | where an entity moves from |
| goal | where it moves to |
| lexical relations | words can have realtionships antonymy, synonymy + hyponomy |
| Antonomy | -> two items are opposite, share all but 1 semantic feature 1 Gradable scalar pairs -> more of one = less of the other -> one marked, one unmarked (degree) -> meaning is relative cold:hot big:small 2 Complementary pairs -> negative of one emplies the other -> incompatible Present:absent Alive:dead 3 Converses (relational opposites) -> symmetry in meaning -> comperative forms of gradable pairs of adjectives wife:husband borrow:lend |
| Hyponomy | -> when meaning of one form is included in meaning of another superordniate: 'übergeordnet' animal co-hyponyms: 2 or more words that share superordinate term dog, horse |
| Homophony | same sounding/ pronuncitation, different spelling meat/ meet, flour/ flower, to/too/two |
| Homography | same writing/ spelling, different pronunciation lead/ lead, read/ read |
| Homonymy | same spelling + pronunciation different history -> 2 different entries bank:bank |
| Polysemy | 1 word with different meaning same history, same spelling, same pronunciation -> 1 entry -> 1 word foot:foot |
| metonomy | attribute/ commonly associates feature used to name/ designate sth. a Picasso, drinking a bottle |
| metaphor | -> term is transferred from the object it ordinarily designates to an object it may designate only by implicit comparison or analogy |
| collocation | -> organizing our knowledge -> words frequently used/ occuring together |
| Pragmatics | invisible, contextual meaning |
| linguistic context/ co -text | set of words surrounding each other |
| physical context | surroundings. time. noise, location, participants |
| deixis | pointing with the use of language spatial > point to locations here-there temporal > point to a time now-then person > point to people him-them-she |
| proximal terms | this here now > close to speaker (time + place) |
| distal terms | that there then > away from speaker (time + place) |
| reference | bit of language enabling a reader to identify an entity -> what speaker does |
| inference | reader's use of contextual knowledge to identify an entity -> what reader does |
| anaphora | referring back to sth already introduced |
| antecedent | first mentioned |
| presuppostion | sth that the speaker assumes to be true or known by a listener when making a statement > meaning is conveyed but not explicitly said "Your brother is waiting outside" -> you have a brother |
| direct speech act | direct question to provide information structure and function are alligned |
| indirect speech act | structure of statement and function are not alligned > used to be more or less polite |
| declaritive | usally a statement |
| interrogative | usally a question |
| imperative | usally a command/ request |
| performative verbs | often accompanied by "hereby" > I promise > I warn you > I sentence you > I pronounce you |
| politeness | showing awareness + consideration of another persons face |
| face | public self image that everybody has and want to have recognized |
| positive face | need to be connecte, belong to a group, to be liked (fundamental need) desire to share preferences |
| negative face | need to be independent, free, not to be imposed upon |
| face-saving act | Can you close the window? > awareness of negative face That's a great idea! > positive face |
| face-threatening act | Close the window! > threatens negative face You can't sit with us! -> threatens positive face |
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