17489584
Description
Flashcards by Simeon Crane, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Simeon Crane
about 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Name 4 biopharmaceutical properties that affect the bioavailability of an oral drug | - Release of drug from dosage form - Stability in biological fluids - Permeability - Pre-systemic metabolism |
| What cell culture model is used to predict or measure permeability? | Caco-2 cell model |
| What class of drug is spironolactone? | Aldosterone antagonist |
| What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone? | Inhibits the effect of aldosterone, which increases the secretion of water and sodium, decreasing blood volume |
| What is the main cause of left sided heart failure? | Myocardial Infarction |
| What is the main cause of right sided heart failure? | Pulmonary hypertension |
| Name three common symptoms of Heart Failure | Oedema Fatigue Breathlessness |
| Name 3 diagnostic tests used to confirm a diagnosis of heart failure | - 2D doppler echocardiogram - Raised Jugular Venous Pressure - Brain Natriuretic Peptide levels |
| What two drugs used in the treatment of HF can cause hyperkalaemia | ACE inhibitors and spironolactone |
| What are the four aims for the treatment of Heart Failure? | To maintain heart function To relieve symptoms To reduce morbidity To reduce mortality |
| What four things should be monitored after initiating ACE inhibitor therapy? | - Renal failure - Potassium levels - Cough - Blood pressure |
| Name the 3 ACE inhibitor survival trials | - SAVE - CONSENSUS - SOLVD |
| When should an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) be used in heart failure treatment? | If intolerant of ACE inhibitors |
| What three Beta blockers are used in the treatment of HF? | Bisoprolol Carvedilol Nebivolol |
| What is the name of the trial that showed a 30% reduction in risk of death when using spironolactone to treat heart failure? | RALES |
| What does HFpEF mean? | Heart Failure with a preserved Ejection Fraction |
| What does HFrEF mean? | Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction |
| What are the 4 determinants of Cardiac Output? | - Heart rate - Preload - Afterload - Contractility |
| What is preload? | The volume entering the ventricles |
| What is afterload? | The resistance ventricles must overcome to circulate blood |
| What is heart failure with a reduced Ejection Fraction also known as? | Systolic Heart Failure |
| What is Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction also known as? | Diastolic Heart Failure |
| What is the short term effect of activating the sympathetic nervous system in HF? | Improved pumping action |
| What is the long term effect of activating the sympathetic nervous system in HF? | Damage to the heart muscle tissue |
| What level of BNP in the blood indicates no heart failure? | < 100pg/ml |
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