17827708
Description
Flashcards by Gabriela Simoni, updated more than 1 year ago
|
Created by Gabriela Simoni
about 5 years ago
|
|
| Question | Answer |
| Ultranationalism | Japan undergoes major modernization in late 19th century to become ultranationalist - superior |
| Iwakura Mission | After centuries of isolation under shogunate, observers are sent to learn from Western world |
| Meiji Restoration | Creation of new govt in Japan after centuries of military government. Japan's Emperor held new powers and new more, modern systems of govt are created - changes meant to protect Japan from foreign domination |
| Meiji Constitution | Meiji Emperor ruled from 1867-1912, period of reform in Japan and abolishment of feudalism. Constitution declared by emperor in 1889 |
| Privy Council | Small govt body of elites whose approval was required for many things; controlled access to emperor and had his trust; created constitution |
| Diet | Japan's new parliament; composed of House of Peers (elected) and House of representatives (appointed) |
| Military | allowed independence; 2 cabinet positions; account directly to emperor; laws and decisions to be agreed to by all ministers (veto power) increased power of military |
| Radical nationalism | Extreme form of nationalism; can include racism & discrimination against those of the nation; closely related to fascism; emphasis on Japan's uniqueness through education (emphasised loyalty to state, family & community); increased by late 20s |
| Education | Connection to military would aid it to gain popular support + control political system; increase in literacy offered people possibility to criticise policies |
| Special mission | Japan was unique; had divine Emperor; had not been conquered by European/US; common culture and history; defeated european state in modern war; major military and industrial power by 1920, important in Paris Peace Conference - should lead Asia |
| Militarism | Protect Japan, secure colonial possession, dominate Asia, face a potential confrontation - large navy & army required; economic crises weakening civilian govt, militarism became popular as it was tied to expanding the empire (bring economic relief & more land) |
| Shogun | Hereditary military govts of Japan from 1192 to 1867; strong military was no unusual idea |
| Emperor | Divine; symbol of national unity |
| Industrialisation | Strengthened Japan; power to dominate and intimidate grew |
| WWI | 1st opportunity to demonstrate its strength to the world, especially China & Germany |
| Korea 1876 - 1905 | Had been of interest; Forced to sign Japan-Korea treaty 1876; in 1884, govt was overthrown by Japanese supporters; Korea unable to defend itself; Britain takes control of Korean port city; Peasant revolt against govt, Korea asks China for help and Japan states it violated treaty = invades, installs a govt, kills Empress |
| Japan-Korea Treaty 1876 | (no longer tributary to China, Japanese could not be arrested there, no restrictions on Japanese trade, Japan allowed to use its ports) |
| First Sino-Japanese War 1894-1895 | Caused by Japanese intervention in Korea, but also includes murders, bans on Japanese imports in China; tensions with Qing Dynasty; war progressed rapidly with Japan's modernised military - invades Manchuria & seizes land, such as Port Arthur; China defeated |
| Treaty of Shimonoseki | Ended 1st Sino-Japanese War; Korea fully independent from China, Japan gets Taiwan and Liaodong Peninsula; China pays indemnity |
| Tripartite Intervention | Russia, Germany, France decide to alter Treaty (Russia keeps Peninsula & Port Arthur, Germany gets Shantung Peninsula); Japan felt humiliated |
| Taiwan | Declared itself Republic of Formosa 1895 - led to 5 month war wan by Japan |
| Russia | Control of Peninsula & Port revealed that Japan had to develop more to protect its interests |
| Anglo Japanese Alliance 1902 | Japan looking for allies + Britain worried about Russian expansion = first military alliance of Japan in modern times (aid each other militarily in wars with multiple states, remain neutral in wars with one) |
| Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 | Construction started on railways to link port to Russia through Manchuria + pressure Korea to grant some rights = provoking Japan/ Denial to withdraw troops from Manchuria after B Rebellion made Britain and Japan feel their interests in Korea and China were threatened. After a series of diplomatic meetings, Russia did not respond. Japan invades Korea and attacks navy at Port Arthur |
| Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900 | Anti-foreign, anti-christian revolt in China eventually joined by govt soldiers supported by Qing dynasty; revolt put down by foreign troops; troops stationed in Manchuria to protect the railway from Chinese rebels and soldiers and from prevent Japanese interference |
| Treaty of Portsmouth 1905 | After revolution erupts in Russia against its govt, it urges for peace; negotiated by USA; both countries to remove troops from Manchuria and give it back to China, Japan keeps Liaodong Peninsula + Port Arthur from China, Japan keeps Southern Manchurian Railway |
| Battle of Tsushima Straits 1905 | Tragic defeat of Russian navy by Japanese forces |
| Impact of Russo-Japanese War | Japan gains international respect; USA gave Japan control of Korea in return for control of Philippines; Britain extended their alliance; Japan still thought they deserved more from the treaty |
| Great Powers | Britain, France, Germany, Russia (and sometimes USA and more) determined to hinder Japanese growth |
| Shantung Peninsula 1914 | Germany took control of it; Britain requested Japanese assistance; Germany removes naval warships when noticed Japan would advance to port; Japan kept control of many German colonies |
| China 1915 | Japan presents 21 demands; China delays response and Japan changes to 13; China has no option but to accept |
| 21 demands | Cease leasing territory to other countries that not Japan; Japan controls Shantung Peninsula & Manchuria; advisors in govt; building railways; extend lease on South Manchurian Railway; allow Japanese citizens to enter & travel within Manchuria; opening mines; any military equipment to be purchased from Japan |
| Paris Peace Conference 1919 | USA & Britain aim to limit Japanese control; Japan main power in conference; League of nations is formed and Japan is founding member; Japan demands clause against racial discrimination that gets rejected |
| League of Nations | Agreed to collective security; settle disputes through negotiation & arbitration |
| Mandates | Created to govern former territories & colonies of the defeated states; Japan granted supervision of Germany's islands; retained Shantung Peninsula |
| Japan is now an important military power | Korea annexed; Russia defeated; important ports in China and neighbouring territories leased; Germany defeated; Japan deciding future with other major powers - to secure power and get more, instituted conscription and increased navy |
| GOALS | Japan: security initially, later empire, unrestricted access to US markets and products (oil & metals) - worked not to provoke USA to avoid economic issues USA: security for Philippines, Hawaii, Guam; unfettered access to Chinese markets |
| Shidehara diplomacy | Japanese foreign policy; balancing act in which the military, especially the army, was well maintained and Japan's govt worked to reassure foreign govts that Japan was not a threat to China and no desire for further expansion against it |
| Washington Naval Conference 1921-1922 (5 power treaty) | Halted armaments and capital ships; for every 5 capital ships that Britain or USA were allowed, Japan could only have 3, 60% of size (shows there is still inequality amongst them, but Japan was ultimately okay with treaty - could not spend lots during economic crisis and chose path of compromise during this period) |
| 4 Power Treaty 1922 9 Power Treaty 1922 | Ended Anglo Japanese Alliance; required Japan, USA, Britain and France to respect each other's territories Japan to remove military from Shantung Peninsula and called on nations to respect China's borders & independence |
| London Naval Conference 1930 | Review earlier naval agreements; stress during Great Depression = none desired renewed, expensive arms race; Japanese navy wanted revision on size of fleet, slight change made that govt accepted but military opposed & threatened govt; treaty signed, but prime minister killed by ultranationalist |
| Economy | crisis in the 20s; increased military spending in the 30s as a way to recover from Great D; rapid cycles of growth and contraction; no stabilisation = monopolies expanded to control more of the economy & political groups tried to change political system |
| Zaibatsu | Monopolies; enormous corporations of individual families that had an impressive economic reach; controlled economy and worked to control Diet to ensure economic policies that favoured them were kept; directly connected to militarism |
| Economic crisis | After GD; GNP declined, unemployment and hunger rose; Japan struggled to create national policy to deal with crisis; |
| 26 February Incident | Finance minister killed and replaced by military appointee; military came to dominate govt & adopted a 12 year plan in 1936 to modernise & expand armed forces; spending increase, need to acquire more territory = led directly to more war |
| Political crisis | GD showed system did not work; complex; great # of political parties, ideologies, divisions within army and navy |
| Peace Protection Law 1925 | govt could arrest anyone who wanted to change political system; part of larger policy to oppose USSR |
| The Showa Restoration | Conservative members deserved to give full power to Showa Emperor; Emperor should remove corruption and zaibatsu |
| Military factions | Military internally divided; Toseiha (Control Faction) wanted to reform govt, more radicals like Sakurakai (Cherry Blossom Society) & Kodoha (Imperial Way Faction) wanted complete destruction of all political policies, zaibatsu etc, in line with Showa Restoration + war with USSR |
| March Incident & October Incident 1931 | Coup d'etats by Sakurakai; failed |
| League of Blood Incident 1932 | Radical nationalists & young naval officers; killed leader of Mitsui zaibatsu & former finance minister |
| 15 May Incident | League of blood members; attempted to kill officials |
| Toseiha Faction | Supported by Emperor, Privy Council, Diet, zaibatsu; took control of govt = reorganisation of economy, suppression of political parties and dissent, expansion of military spending and war, avoid conflicts with USSR |
| China - Warlord Era 1916-1928 | China in state of civil war; loosely divided into regions controlled by warlords |
| Manchuria | Declared independence in 1922; ruled by warlord Zhang Zoulin, who allowed Japan to continue to develop railways etc there; killed by Japanese Kwantung Army (elite military unit) in 1928, hoping to weaken Manchuria's administration to take control of it / it had tremendous amounts of resources Japan did not have, low population, 4x size of Japan |
| Northern Expedition | Nationalists bring China under control in military operation; destroyed national infrastructure, caused famine, isolated China from USSR by attacking CCP, sponsored by Soviets |
| Newly united China | Son of Zhang brings Manchuria back |
| End of Shidehara diplomacy | 1927, Japan preferred weak, divided China, send troops to Shantung Peninsula to avoid invasion of Manchuria by Nationalists |
| Positive Policy 1927 | Japan would treat Manchuria as a special case |
| The Manchurian Crisis | Land of Manchu people; taking control would make it less likely for USSR to foment communist unrest in the region; South Manchurian Railway (justified military presence) being undermined; China building rival railways |
| Mukden Incident 1931 | Bomb exploding in South Manchurian Railway; Japanese placed bomb, blaming Chinese troops; excuse to occupy all of Manchuria; Japan created illusion that they helped Manchuria to achieve independence from chaotic China & called it Manchukuo, headed by Puyi; considered puppet state, denied registration in League of Nations & Olympics |
| Responses to Manchurian Crisis | Most countries replied negatively, but not much could be done; League of Nations formed Lytton Comission; In China, Kaishek is forced to resign; US in period of semi-isolation, concerned with economics of the invasion, Stimson doctrine was not effective; USSR in no condition to oppose, sold their Chinese Eastern Railway to Manchukuo in 1935 |
| Lytton Comission | Investigate incident; report said that before there was corrupt Chinese govt, Japan had made major financial investments, gave details of invasion, etc; concluded that it was not result of wanting to protect Manchuria from Chinese govt; recommends Japan pulls it forces back to Railway |
| Japan withdraws from LoN 1933 | After nations voted for Japan as aggressor; Suffers no consequences for leaving |
| China signs Tanggu Truce 1933 | Jehol & Manchuria were now under Japanese control and Chinese could not fight to remove Japan from these areas; establishment of a neutral zone between Japanese controlled territory and that of China's govt |
| Open Door Policy (US & China) | Nations to have = access to Chinese markets |
| Stimson Doctrine | USA would not recognise international border changes resulting from war |
| Japan's govt towards crisis | Unaware of Kwantung Army plans to conquer Manchuria; Japan did not wish to provoke Great Powers and was worried with army disobedience; govt collapses after those involved are not arrested; govt policy is not aligned with military policy |
| Debate on crisis | Started road to WWII; showed weakness of League that led to Abyssinia; smaller states realise they are more vulnerable & have to obey larger powers; some say it strengthened League by forcing it to set up internal structures to deal with conflicts; League failed to protect China |
| Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 | No cessation of war after Manchuria; |
| China Garrison Army | Formed by Japan to operate outside Manchurian borders |
| Umezu-He Agreement 1935 | China should withdraw from Hebei Province; demilitarised zone is formed |
| East Hebei Autonomous Council | Puppet govt formed to rule demilitarised zone in Northern China |
| Second London Naval Treaty 1935 | Military had no interest in limiting ability to build warships; Britain and USA continued to try to get countries to reduce them; Japan withdrew from treaty meetings; no agreements made and Japan does not sign |
| Doihara Kenji-Qin Dechun Agreement 1935 | China removes all troops from Manchukuo border & Charar Province; more interested in destroying CCP |
| Mengjiang 1936 | Inner Mongolia; pro-Chinese and pro-Japanese factions fought; by 1936, most of northern China was under Japanese control (either by army or puppet govts) |
| Second United Front | Anti-Japanese front between Nationalists & CCP; fought as National Revolutionary Army |
| Marco Polo Bridge Incident 1937 | Chinese & Japanese troops fight & leads to war |
| Actual Second Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 (By its outbreak, Japanese military controlled govt and political parties were banned) | Japan forms Shanghai Expendiatory Army to capture Shanghai; Japanese military superior, by Oct 1937 Chinese forces ordered to evacuate & Japan controls destroyed city; troops sent to protect route to Nanjing |
| Nanjing Massacre | Killing, rape of women & children by Japanese troops; city captured |
| Chongqing | Chinese military supplied by USSR; Chinese govt establishes itself in Chongqing, and Japan tries to bomb it but fails, so decides to cut supply lines to Chongqing, leading to conflicts with USA by 1940 |
| Further expansion in China (rapid expansion from 1931-1937, mostly through treats and military action) | Japan continues capturing land, take control of ports, cities, railways; Chinese govt in Chongqing, rival Chinese led-govt created to manage areas of China under Japanese occupation, but Japanese military controlled economy, education |
| Responses to 2nd Sino-Japanese War | League: disliked their actions, but were aware of Japan's anti-communist stance and hoped they would pressure USSR; China was chaotic, no country would fight to maintain it; uninvolved, uninterested, weakened by Abyssinia Soviets: happy; alleviates pressure against their border; could supply Chinese with war equipment as Chiang's persecution of CCP was over |
| China appeals to League | 9 Power treaty conference met and declared Japan & China were to suspend hostilities and work together to resolve situation; they did not. |
| Japanese & Soviet troops battled at Mongolia, May 1939 | Japan offered section of Chinese territory to Soviets to end fighting; accepted; Soviets loan equipment & money to China until Germany invaded the USSR in 1941 (it had to fight for its own existence) |
| USA response to 2nd Sino-Japanese War | Preserve Open Door Policy; Show displeasure with Japanese aggression, but not to point it would prevent US exports from reaching Asian markets; preserve Philippines; US prohibits shipment of weapons/ war supplies to either China or Japan in Sep1937, which hurt China; oil & metals not prohibited until 1940 sanctions; US lent money to China |
| Germany's response to 2nd Sino-Japanese War | Supported Kaishek's govt because it was anti-communist; supplied China with many military advisors & did business with China; Germany's growing military expansion dependent on Chinese metal tungsten; |
| 1936: Japan and Germany agreed to oppose communism in the Anti-Comintern Pact | Germany saw this as more pressure on USSR; Japan wanting to expand into China; Germany continued to supply weapons to China until late 1938 |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact, August 1939 (Non Agression Pact) | Germany and USSR agreed that neither country would attack the other or help other states attack the other; economic aspects and secret sections that divided parts of central and eastern Europe into Soviet & German spheres of influence (Japan was surprised with this pact & its govt collapses) |
| Japan alarmed | Japan wanted strong anti-soviet govt near USSR so Soviets would be less likely to attack Japanese territories in its east; its govt collapsed and was replaced by one that wanted better relations with Soviets and strengthen relations with Germany and Italy |
| Tripartite Pact 1940 | An alliance involving Germany, Italy, and Japan, eventually joined by others |
| Neutrality Agreement 1941 (Japan and USSR) | Promised that neither would engage in war with the other; helped to contribute to Japan's policy of expanding into French Indochina & Dutch East Indies and move against USA |
| Wuhan 1938 | Japanese forces moved rapidly to this provisional capital (as Nanjing was destroyed); Soviets provoke conflict in border with Manchukuo that distracts Japan; when they go back to move to Wuhan, Soviets had been able to give military equipment to China; Soviets began to distract Japan as they moved |
| China's response to conflict with Japan | Keep japanese forces tied down as much as possible so that they committed more and more of their scarce resources on the war; guerilla fighters used; hoping Japan would get tired |
| Collapse of Second United Front (Nationalists & Communists) against Japan, 1941 | CCP's New Fourth Army destroyed by force led by KMT; Kaishek's govt was discredited, corrupt, more concerned with communism and fighting his own people rather than Japan |
| French Indochina | Supplies sent to Chinese govt; France defeated by Germany in 1940 made colonies vulnerable; Japan requests permission to occupy regions to cut supply lines to China, Japan would allow Vichy France govt (southern part not occupied by Germany) to remain in Indochina; permission granted, Japan built airbases |
| The oil embargo | First, US prohibited sale of scrap iron and steel to Japan; increased financial assistance to China; freezing all Japanese assets in USA & territories; banning sale of oil; Britain & Netherlands followed; Japan thinks about getting oil from Dutch East Indies, but this would provoke USA |
| Japanese planning by Admiral Yamamoto | Attack USA by defeating US navy's Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbour; hoping US would be surprised and allow Japan to annex Dutch East Indies & cut supply lines to China; if US fought, the loss of navy would slow them down and give Japan time to defeat China, annex territory, organise itself |
| The Hull Note, November 1941 | USA increased pressure on Japan demanding it removed all troops from Indochina & China, including Manchuria; end Tripartite Alliance; repudiate Republic of China it had created |
| Attack on Pearl Harbour, December 1941 | Attacks and invasions on many targets, this was most important one; large imperial Japanese fleet undetected, aircraft carriers, attacking many US facilities; Japanese losses were minimal; Japan wan the battle, but did not destroy all 3 US aircraft carriers; USA declared war on Japan the next day |
| Attacks on other US territories | Philippines; island of Guam; Wake Island held a US airbase, conquered and allowed Japan to control a large section of the Pacific |
| Attacks on British territories | Malaya & Singapore completely captured by 1942; great port in China, Hong Kong; Thailand being invaded led Burma to be pressured and also invaded by Japan and Thailand, who were then allies |
Want to create your own Flashcards for free with GoConqr? Learn more.