Planning process group & Quality Processes in it

Question	Answer
planning process group	group of processes to define the scope total effort, establish and refine the objectives and developing the plan to reach those goals. the project plan components and project documents are created in this process group. Depending on the project nature, these components and documents might need to be reviewed and updated regularly. The same might be needed when a great change occurs.
Ch 8 project quality management (Knowledge area)	Includes the processes to incorporate the organization's quality policies on the project and product requirements
Process: 8.1 - Plan quality management Knowledge area: quality management	It's the process to identify the quality requirements and standards of the project outputs and documents, ensuring that they are met.
Plan quality management benefits	It provides guidelines and procedures on how quality will be managed and verified throughout the project. That means, to create guidelines and procedures on how to do all of the OTHER processes in the knowledge area, which are going to be contained in the Quality Management Plan as an output of the process. It's a process performed once or in specific points of the project and the project requirements determine which components of the project management plan and project documents are required.
Quality x Scope	Quality is a constraint that covers the correctness of the work Correct as compared to the requirements as set forth at the very beginning of the project, which comes from customers for an external project or the project sponsor for an internal one, as supposed to the scope that covers the completeness of the work compared to the requirements as set forth at the very beginning of the project.
Project quality management processes	Although they are presented as distinct processes spread among the processes groups, they are usually overlapped throughout the project life cycle. The process to plan quality refers to the quality the work must have. The process to manage quality transforms the requirements identified in planning into evaluation metrics that will be applied during the quality control process.
The concept of quality	Refers specifically to the degree or amount toward which an inherent or embedded number of traits fulfills a number of predetermined requirements that have been deemed necessary
The concept of Quality planning,	refers specifically to the actions of the project management team and or the project management team leader to engage in the action of establishing and conducting a process for the purposes of identifying and determining exactly which standards of quality are in fact relevant to the project as a whole, and also in making an effective determination as to how to satisfy them
How to plan quality	1. Determine what traits of the final product are really important from a quality standpoint 2. Ensure that processes from the beginning through the end of the project promote excellence in these traits 3. Outline and implement a monitoring program to ensure quality at each stage 4. Develop protocols to correct any shortfalls in quality that are discovered
Quality x Grade	Quality is conformance to the requirement and fitness for use. Requirements include product’s and customer’s requirements. The grade is a category assigned to the product based on its technical configuration. The definition of quality says that it is the degree to which a product fulfills the requirements, and grade is the item’s classification based on its technical characteristics.
Quality and grade perception	A low-grade is never a problem because when you buy a low-grade product, you know that you are paying for a low-grade product and expect the features as per its category. However, a low-quality product is always a problem because it does not fulfill your expectations which keeps you unsatisfied.
Important about quality and grade	1. Low quality does not equal to low grade, and high quality does not mean high grade. 2. Low grade is not a problem, and it is acceptable, while a low-quality product is always a problem and is never acceptable. 3. A product or service, regardless of its grade, must be of high quality. 4. Quality is about keeping your promise that the product will perform with a specific behavior, and grade is a category of the product.
quality management advocates	prevention over inspection because the cost of Conformance is considered much lower than the Cost of Non-Conformance in COQ.
Prevention x Inspection	Prevention: to eliminate errors in the process Inspection: to maintain errors out of customer's reach
Accuracy x Precision	Accuracy: a measure of how the measured values close to the target value Precision: a measure of how the measured values close to each other (but not necessarily close to the target value)
Important about Accuracy and Precision	If the measured values are accurate, they may not be precise as they can be larger or smaller than the target value on a wide range. If we say the measurements are very precise, we do not give out any hint on whether the measurements are accurate (i.e. close to the target value).
Which is more important: Accuracy or Precision?	accuracy is FAR MORE important than precision. Only when the output is accurate then it is meaningful to strike for precision.
5 levels of Quality Management with increasing efficiencies	1. Let the client find the defects - it's a high-cost approach with high impacts on the business in the long run. 2. Identify and correct defects as part of the quality control process - the costs related to these processes are evaluation costs and internal failure costs 3. To use quality assurance to examine and correct the process, not only the defects caused by it. 4. To incorporate quality policies into the project and product design 5. To create an organizational culture that is aware and committed to the project and products quality.
Emerging tendencies and practices in project quality management	- Client Satisfaction focus - Continuous Improvement - Management accountability - Partnership with suppliers
Emerging tendencies and practices in project quality management: client satisfaction	To understand, evaluate, define and manage the requirements so clients' expectations are met. It requires requirements conformance and suitable usage.
Emerging tendencies and practices in project quality management: Continuous Improvement	focus on reviewing EVERY deliverable – not just the final product, but all of the components, designs, and specifications too. Some methods/techniques can be applied to achieve that: Six Sigma:, Just In Time, Total Quality Management (TQM):, Kaizen, PDCA (Plan Do Check Act)
Emerging tendencies and practices in project quality management: Management accountability	Success demands the whole team participation but management, in its scope of action, holds accountability for quality by providing the right resources with the adequate skills to the project
Emerging tendencies and practices in project quality management: Partnership with suppliers	Organizations and their suppliers are interdependent. A mutually beneficial partnership with suppliers increased both their capacities to create value, to meet client's needs and optimizes costs and resources in the long run
Tailoring considerations	- Audits and policies conformance - Conformance standards and regulations - How continuous improvement will be managed - stakeholders' engagement
Agile considerations	To navigate through changes, agile methods require frequent quality review steps to be integrated throughout the project life cycle, rather than just in the end. By doing that, the root causes are examined and new attempts to ensure quality emerge. This can be done thanks to the definition of small working packages, which allow inconsistencies and quality problems to be identified at an early stage when the cost of changes is lower
Plan quality management inputs	- Project charter - Project management plan (requirements, risk, stakeholder's engagement management plans and scope baseline) - project documents (assumptions log, requirements log, requirements traceability matrix, risk log, stakeholders log) - EEFs - OPAs
Plan quality management Tools and Techniques	- Specialized opinion - Data Gathering - Data Analysis - Data Representation - Test and Inspection Planning - decision making - Meetings
Plan quality management Tools and Techniques: Data Gathering	- Benchmarking - Brainstorming - Interviews
Data Gathering: Benchmarking	his means comparing the proposed quality standards of the project and comparing them to those of comparable projects. This could mean comparing the standards to projects that the organization itself has done, or those done by other organizations within the same application area.
Data Gathering: Brainstorming	this involves gathering\experts together in a format that identifies a list of ideas in a short period of time. Brainstorming consists of two parts: idea generation, which is an “open mode” of discussion where all ideas are entertained in order to stimulate creative input, and the analysis or “closed mode” of discussion where the ideas are prioritized or ranked according to a set of criteria that are agreed upon beforehand.
Data Gathering: Interviews	Are done by having members of the project team do individual interviews of experts and/or stakeholders in order to get their views on appropriate quality standards for the project.
Plan quality management Tools and Techniques:Data Analysis	- Cost-benefit analysis - Cost of quality (COQ) these two tools and techniques essentially do the same thing: making sure that the planned quality activities are cost-effective. That means that the cost of conformance to the quality standards, i.e., costs of prevention and appraisal of defects, need to be less than the costs of non-conformance, i.e., the costs incurred if defects do occur.
Data Analysis: Cost-benefit analysis (CBA)	is a simple technique that is used to create non-critical financial decisions. It involves adding the benefits of a particular action than providing a comparison with the associated costs. The results of the analysis are expressed as payback period which is the duration needed for the benefits to repay the costs.
CBA applicability	it is applicable in situations like evaluating a new project, assessment of any change initiative and determining the feasibility of different purchases.
CBA benefits	A good CBA lists down the project expenses as well as evident benefits before calculating the Return on Investment (ROI), net representative value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). It is important to take note that the cost calculated should be less than 50% of the benefits and the payback period should not exceed more than a year.
CBA - IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER	- the cost calculated should be less than 50% of the benefits - The payback period should not exceed more than a year
Data Analysis: Cost of Quality (COQ)	monetary figure used by project management personnel in the decision-making process. It refers to the cumulative costs required to bring poor quality service or products up to the standards defined by project management. In essence, it is the cost of failing to provide a product or service of acceptable initial quality, which is a big concern for project management. Usually, because projects are temporary endeavors, the product COQ is a program, portfolio or operations management concern.
COQ Components	the sum of two categories and four sub-categories: cost of conformance and cost of non-conformance, which are composed of the cost of prevention and the cost of the appraisal and Internal and external failure costs, respectively
cost of conformance	this is the cost incurred by carrying out activities to ensure the project and deliverables conform to the quality requirements and avoid failure
Cost of conformance: cost of prevention	money spent on activities/equipment to prevent defects from arising in the first place, e.g. : - Equipment update and maintenance - Training provided to staff - Documentation - Following quality standards - Quality Assurance activities
Cost of conformance: cost of appraisal	money spent on those activities to inspect and dig out defects to prevent these defects from getting into the hands of the customers: - Testing and inspection - Destructive testing loss - Quality Control activities
Cost of Non-Conformance	this is the money that needs to be spent for not conforming to the quality requirements.
Cost of Non-Conformance: Internal Failure Costs	the costs incurred when defects in the deliverables are detected internally (i.e. not yet presented to the customers) Defect Repair Rework
Cost of Non-Conformance: External Failure Costs	the costs incurred when defects are found the deliverables have been delivered to customers and in actual use. This is the worst kind of quality costs: - Warranty work - Liabilities - Loss of business goodwill
Optimizing the COQ	When optimized it reflects an appropriate balance in investment in prevention and evaluation in order to avoid the failure costs. When that happens, investing in additional costs to prevent and evaluate will no longer bring benefits nor be cost effective
Plan quality management Tools and Techniques:Decision-making	It includes techniques such as prioritization matrices, which can take various alternatives and rank them based on criteria that are decided upon beforehand. This objective method of prioritizing quality metrics can help with the process in deciding which metrics to apply to the project.
Plan quality management Tools and Techniques:Data representation	- Flowcharts - Logical data models - Matrix diagrams - Mind mapping
Data representation: Flowcharts	these are process maps which take outputs from one process, and use them as inputs in another process, which then takes tools and techniques to create new outputs, which are used in other processes, etc. They are useful in understanding and estimating the cost of quality for a process. They demonstrate decision points, ramification loops, the processing order in the value chain (SIPOC, for example). They can be for process improvement, defect detection and quality points definition.
Data representation: Logical data models	these are visual representation’s of an organization’s data, which can be used to identify issues regarding the integrity of data used in quality metrics. In this way a project manager can be more confident that the quality metrics are giving a true picture of quality on the project.
Data representation: Matrix diagrams	these diagrams find the strength between the different factors listed in the rows and columns of the matrix and are useful in identifying the key quality metrics for a project.
Data representation: Mind mapping	this is a method where a single quality concept is put in the center of a blank page, and representations of ideas that are associated with that concept are put around the center. It helps with the rapid gathering of project quality requirements, constraints, dependencies, and relationships.
Plan quality management Tools and Techniques: Test and Inspection Planning	One of the costs of conformance is the costs of appraisal of whether a defect exists in a product or not, namely, the cost of testing or inspecting that product. The project team needs to determine how to test or inspect the product, as well as how often to do the test or inspection (once for every X number of products, for example).
Plan quality management Outputs	- Quality management plan - Quality metrics - Updates to the project plan (risk management plan and scope baseline) - updates to project documents (lessons learned, Requirements traceability matrix, risk and stakeholders log)
Plan quality management Outputs: Quality management plan	Includes guidelines that help in the conducting of all the other quality management processes (management and control processes). It may include: - The quality standards to be used on the project - The quality control and quality management activities planned for the project) - The quality roles and responsibilities (who will conduct the quality assurance and/or quality control activities) - Project deliverables subject to quality control - Project processes subject to quality assurance - Quality tools to be used on the project - Procedures for dealing with non-conformance, such as defect repair and corrective actions, as well as procedures for continuous improvement.
Plan quality management outputs: quality metrics	description of the attributes of the product or project. It also aims to measure the attributes defined by the project manager. The measurement generated in this particular project management tool is an actual value. It also sets a tolerance value that defines the allowable variations on the metric. A quality metric describes an attribute of the project or product such as a number of defects identified per day, errors found per line of code, customer satisfaction scores, etc. The Control Quality process needs to verify compliance with this quality metric.
Plan quality management outputs: quality metrics	the WBS may require the addition of quality management activities as a result of this process, and the WBS dictionary may records quality requirements related to individual activities or entire work packages.

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