18417319
Description
Flashcards by Kaya Robbins, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Kaya Robbins
almost 5 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Define the difference between an agonist and an opioid antagonist. | An agonist is a drug that combines with a receptor to bring about an action, whereas an antagonist combines with a receptor and blocks the action. |
| Define 'neurotransmitter' | A neurotransmitter is a chemical substance released by a nerve ending at the synapse. It acts on the adjacent neuron to stimulate, inhibit, or change its activity. |
| The area of the brain that serves to relay information from the spinal cord and brainstem to the interpretation center in the cerebrum is the _____. | Thalamus |
| Most CNS drugs act by _____ or _____ the effects of neurotransmitters. | Interrupting the generation or conduction of nerve impulses; interfering with |
| What are the primary neurotransmitters for adrenergic receptors? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| List the four primary ways in which drugs affect the ANS. | Mimicking neurotransmitter, interfering with neurotransmitter release, blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors, and interfering with the breakdown of neurotransmitters. |
| List five indications for the use of cholinergic agents. | To control vomiting, to treat urinary retention, to stimulate gastrointestinal activity, to treat glaucoma, and to aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. |
| Atropine, scopolamine, glycopyrrolate, and aminopentamide are examples of what specific drug class? | Cholinergic blocking agents (anticholinergic) |
| What category of drug is used to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylactic shock? | Adrenergic (sympathomimetic) |
| Propranolol is an example of what category of drug? | Beta blocker |
| What are some adverse side effects of xylazine, and what drug may be used to antagonize its effects? | Bradycardia and hypotension maybe antagonized by using atropine; respiratory depression or excessive CNS depression maybe antagonized by using yohimbine. |
| Why would you be concerned about using a thiobarbiturate to induce anesthesia in a very thin dog? | Thiobarbiturates are very soluble in fat, which acts like a sponge to take the barbiturate out of the circulation and away from the CNS. Thin animals have reduced fat levels, which means that more of the thiobarbiturate remains in the bloodstream and may cause excessive depression of the CNS. |
| What are some of the characteristics of a cat anesthetized with ketamine? | Analgesia, increased muscle tone, maintenance of pharyngeal/laryngeal reflexes, muscle tremors, and loss of blink reflex. |
| List some of the signs of a narcotic overdose. | Respiratory depression, cardia depression, agitation, excitement, or seizures. |
| List two narcotic antagonists. | Naloxone and nalorphin |
| Why should glyceryl guaiacolate not be mixed until just before use? | Because of its tendency to precipitate out of solution when stored. |
| You are assisting in the delivery of a litter of puppies and you deliver one that is not breathing adequately. What drug would the veterinarian instruct to give, and by what route? | Doxapram (Dopram) may be administered on or under the tongue, into the umbilical vein, or by IM injection. |
| Why are euthanasia solutions that contain only phenobarbital classified as Class II controlled substances, whereas those that contain phenobarbital and other substances are classfied as Class III controlled substances? | Some phenobarbital euthanasia agents have a red dye added to distinguish them from pentobarbital agents that may be used for anesthesia. Because these agents are easily identified as euthanasia agents, they have less pontential for abuse. |
| All psychotheraoy drugs are thought to produce their effects by altering ___________ activity in the brain. | Neurotransmitter |
| Dissociative agents, such as ketamine and tiletamine, may cause _________ at the injection site. | Burning |
| A hypnotic (anesthetic) known for its very short duration and its white color is _________. | Propofol |
| An inhibitory neurotransmitter that is widely distributed in the brain is ___________. | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) |
| A benzodiazepine that is used as an antianxiety medication and as an appetite stimulant in cats is _______. | Diazepam |
| An example of a tricyclic antidepressant used in veterinary medicine for seperation anxiety in dogs is _____________. | Clomicalm |
| ___________ is used to treat old-dog dementia. | Anipryl |
| The nervous system carries out activity very rapidly by sending electric-like messages over a network of nerve fibers. The ____ system works much more slowly by sending chemical messengers throught the bloodstream to target structures. | Endocrine |
| The ______ nervous system is under voluntary control. | Somatic |
| The _____ is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. | Neuron |
| Axons carry electric-like messages _______ (from) the nerve cell, and dendrites carry electric-like messages _____ (from) the nerve cell. | away; toward |
| Neurotransmitters cannot be mimicked or blocked by the use of appropriate drugs , and that is why patients with nervous system disorders do not have a very good prognosis. | FALSE |
| The ANS is that portion of the nervous system that controls _______ body activities. | Unconscious |
| The neurotransmitter for cholinergic sites is _______. | Acetylcholine |
| Epinephrine (adrenaline) is responsible for all of the following except ________. Increase in metabolic rate Increase in HR and cardiac output Communication with stem cells in the bone marrow Constricts blood vessels in the skin | Communication with stem cells in the bone marrow. |
| Xylazine is antagonized by ________. | Yohimbine |
| All of the following are benzodiazepines except _________. yohimbine diazepam alprazolam lorazepam | yohimbine |
| The direct-acting cholinergic metoclopramide is ordered for a 50# dog to control vomiting and promote gastric emmptying. The dosage of metoclopramide is 0.25 mg/kg and the concentration of the drug is 5 mg/mL. How many mL would you prepare? | 1.1 mL |
| A 12-year-old dog weighing 30lb is experiencing urinary incontinence and will be treated with phenylpropanolamine at a dosage of 2 mg/kg. Proin tablets (25mg) are available. How many tablets will you give? | 1 tablet |
| A 1000 lb horse will be treated with detomidine at a dosage of 10mcg/kg IV for abdominal pain. The concentration of detomidine is 10 mg/mL. What quantity will you prepare? | 0.45 mL |
| Dexmedetomidine will be given to an 8-lb cat as a preanesthetic at a dosage of 30 mcg/kg. The concentration of Dexdomitor is 0.5 mg/mL. What quantity would you draw up? | 0.21 mL |
| A 12-lb cat will be given buprenorphine (0.3 mg/mL) squirted into its mouth at a dosage of 0.02 mg/kg for postsurgical pain. What quantity will you prepare? | 0.36 mL |
| A 15-year-old dog with advanced osteosarcoma will be euthanized with pentobarbitol solution (Beuthansia solution). The dog weighs 85-lb and the dosage of Beuthanasia is 1mL/10 pounds. How many mL will you prepare? | 9 mL |
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