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Description
Flashcards by Alexandru Sandor, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Alexandru Sandor
over 4 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is EPR? | - "which describes & explains reality" - gaining knowledge by (in)dircet observation - focus on explanation & observation of pol. phenomena |
| Name at least 2 keypoints of empirical reserach! | 1. Based on observation 2. Explains "reality" 3. Is objective 4. Is factual |
| Name at least 2 keypoints of normative research! | - Based on what should be (using knowledgle!) - describes "better" potential "reality" - Is subjective - Is value laden |
| - For what key characteristics should you look in (an) empirical reserach? | 1. specific research question 2. definition of phenomena being explored 3. description of the process used to study this |
| For what is quantitative research used? | - gather information through numerical data - quanitfy defined variables (e.g opinions, behaviors) |
| Name the 4 different types of quantitative research! | 1. Survey Research 2. Correlation Research 3. Causal Comparative Research 4. Experimental Research |
| What is "Survey Research" used for? | - ask questions to a sample of respondents --> collect data and produce numerical results - must have randomly selected members ! => huge variety of respondents |
| Which are the two types of surveys? | 1. Cross sectional surveys 2. Longtidunal surveys |
| What are the main points of a "Cross-sectional survey" ? | - obersvational survey - researcher conducts data from a sample of the target population - evaluation of various variables |
| What do the people need to depict (in a cross sectional survey) ? | A similarity in all variables ! |
| What are the advantages of a "Cross-sectional survey" ? | - Anaylsis & comparison of multiple samples - Evaluation of multiple variables |
| What are the Disadvantages of a "Cross-sectional survey" ? | - cannot establish cause-effect relationship - Usually evaluation of variables at a certain time period and not across continious time frame |
| What are the main points of "Longtidunal surveys" ? | - also an observational survey - conducted across various time durations => observe a change in respondent behavior & thought process - different variables are being observed |
| In which fields are "Longtidunal surveys" used for? | - market trends (market research) - customer satisfaction - medicine & aplied science |
| What are the main ponts of "Correlation research" ? | - conducted to establish relationship between 2 closely knitted entities => how does one impact the other & what changes are eventually observed - used to correlate 2/ more variables using mathematical analysis |
| What is the advise for correlation research? | It is not mandatory that if two variables are in sync they are interrelated ! |
| What are the main points of "Causal-Comparative Research" ? | - depends mainly on the factor of comparison - used to draw conclusions about cause-effect equation - always 2 variables (or more): Dependent & Independent |
| Give some examples for a "Causal-Comparative-Research!" | - impact of drugs on teenager - effect of good education on a freshman |
| What are the keypoints of "Experimental Research" ? | - also called: true experiment - reliant on a theory (or more) => theory has not been proved yet => analysis is done around this theory in order to prove/ disprove it ! - mainly used in natural/ social science |
| What is a theory? | A statement which can be verified or refuted ! |
| What efforts are being made after establishing a statement/ theory? | Either to verify it or to refute it ! |
| What are the key points of " Qualitative Research " ? | 1. obtaining data through open-ended questions & conversational comm. 2. allows for in-depth & further probing based on the respond of the respondents 3. interviewer/ researcher tries to understand their motivation & feelings 4. understand how audience makes decisions ! 5. random sampling ! 6. hard to explain our more complicated world (quantitative is better !) |
| What are the 4 different types of "Qualitative Research methods" ? | 1. One-on-One Interview 2. Focus groups 3. Ethnographic research 4. Case-Study research |
| What are the key points of a "One-on-One Interview" ? | - most common qualitative research method - great opportunity on what people think, believe, motivations they have - better opportunity to read the body language |
| What are the key points of "Focus Groups"? | - limited number of respondents within your target group (6-10) - find answers to why, what & how questions - expensive - explain complex processes |
| What are the key points of "Ethnographic Research" ? | - most in-depth observational method - studies people in their natural environment - researcher needs to adapt to the audience's environment - understand cultures, challenges, motivations that occur |
| What are the key points of "Case Study Reserach" ? | - explain organizations or entities - involves deep dive in understanding of the data collection method and infering this data |
| In EPR: What happens with the collected data ? | 1. needs to be analyzed => qualitatively or quantitatively 2. by this method the researcher can answer questions => questions need to be clearly defined answerable w/ findings he has got |
| What are the key issues covered by this course ? | 1. What do we know ? 2. How do we know what we know ? 3. How do we explain the world we live in ? |
| Why is this course useful? | 1. become a better consumer of information => don't take anything as "THE ABSOULTE TRUTH" ! 2. become a producer of knowledge => useful for the thesis 3. transferable skills => literature review |
| What is the "Scientific Method" ? | - process of experimentation => explore observations & answer questions - test scientific method - based on evidence - method of making inferences (descriptive / causal) - is replicable |
| What are the assumptions of the Scientific Method? | 1. nothin is self evident => everything needs to be tested 2. world is perceived through our senses => individual view 3. truths should be established objectively => are tentative 4. all observable phenomena are knowable |
| What are the strengts of the Scientific Method ? | 1. Based on empirical evidence 2. Allows all ideas 3. Self correcting 4. Scientists are impartial |
| What are the disadvantages of the Scientific method ? | 1. Science isn't free from error 2. Senses can deceive us 3. Scientists never can be fully unbiased 4. Theories sometimes have to be interpreted |
| What are the limitations of the Scientific method ? (in general) | 1. cannot prove anything ! 2. things change over time (tentative truths) 3. much harder to establish causation (rather than correlation !) 4. Hyp. must be testable & falsifiable 5. cannot make value judgements ! |
| What are the limitations to the Scientific method in political science ? | 1. Research can change behaviour of subjects 2. Humans are very complex subjects 3. Politics very difficult to measure 4. Control of all contributing factors (variables) impossible ! |
| What are alternatives to the Scientific method ? | 1. Logic 2. Authority |
| What is meant with "Logic as an alternative to the Scientific method ?" | - logic is important but! => what happens when logical explanations compete ? => how do we decide then ? |
| What is meant with "Authority as an alternative to the Scientific method " ? | - not everything that is said in a politcal arguement needs to be true => these arguements need to be backed up by evidence/ facts |
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