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Description
Flashcards by Bill O'Donnell, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Bill O'Donnell
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| 3 problems facing surgeons in 1845 | Pain, infection and blood loss |
| what is an anaesthetic? | Something that kills pain |
| What is an antiseptic | Something that kills infection |
| Discovered by James Simpson | Chloroform |
| 3 reasons why chloroform was opposed | Took time, moral opposition, religious opposition |
| Who helped chloroform be accepted | Queen Victoria |
| Main skill of surgeons pre 1845 | Speed |
| Problem with using ether as a anaesthetic | irritated the lungs |
| Reason why Hannah Greener died | Over dose of chloroform |
| What was the Black period | period following the introduction of chloroform which led to longer and more complicated surgery |
| The person who came up with Germ theory | Louis pasteur |
| First surgeon to highlight the need for cleanliness | Ignaz Semmelweiss |
| He introduce antiseptic surgery | Joseph Lister |
| What Lister used as an antiseptic | Carbolic spray |
| Key reason why Lister's methods did not always work | Instructions were not always followed carefully. |
| Reasons for opposition to carbolic spray | took time, cracked skin, irritated lungs, failed to work due to instructions not being followed, Germ theory was not accepted by many surgeons |
| Main reason why blood transfusions failed | No knowledge of blood groups |
| What does Aseptic surgery involve | Germ free |
| What does germ free surgery involve | From 1887 instruments were steam sterilised and theatres were rigorously cleaned. 1894 sterilised rubber gloves were worn |
| karl Landsteiner | discovered blood groups in 1901 |
| Wilhelm Rontgen | invented Xray 1895 |
| problems caused by World War 1 | Dirty conditions led to infection 14,000 doctors were taken away from normal work |
| Used to find shrapnel wounds | Xray |
| Consequence of millions of wounded | new methods for repairing broken bones and skin grafting, which would lead to plastic surgery |
| Used to improve blood transfusions | Sodium citrate |
| What makes a source useful | relevance and reliability |
| reliability strengths | Author known, purpose known, content is balanced, Well researched e.g. historian |
| reliability weaknesses | Author not known Biased mainly opinion Not supported by own knowledge or other sources |
| Cross reference | Compare different sources point out similarities and differences |
| Inference | Something you can work out from a source and support from the details of the source |
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