2465132
Description
Flashcards by Hannah David, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Hannah David
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Theory of Utilitarianism | One should perform the act that would maximize utility |
| Natural Law Theory (brief description) | *Act is right iff it does not directly violate intrinsic values *Basic good and duties *Ground on Human Nature |
| Kant's Moral Theory | *Act must have good motives *Categorical Imperative |
| Kant's Categorial Imperative (Universal law formulation) | Only act on the maxim through which you can at the same time will that it become a universal law |
| Maxim | Way one would act in a situation |
| Kant's Test | 1. Find maxim 2. Is it possible for everyone to perform this maxim? 3. Can I consistently will that everyone adopt this maxim? |
| Innocent-but-not-universalizable | Maxim is innocent but cannot be applied to everyone Ex: Buy tickets Not universalizable, but not morally wrong |
| Kant's Categorical Imperative (Formula of the end in itself) | Treat humanity as an end in it self, never merely as a means |
| "as an end" | with respect |
| "as a means" | for your own purposes |
| Kant's first argument for immorality of suicide + Objection | "I will end my life out of self-love" Self-love preserve life. Can't have contradictory functions + Yes contradictory - light switch |
| Kant's second argument for the immorality of suicide + Objection | Formula of the end in itself Suicide is merely as a mean (reduce suffering) + By denying one choice, they are being treated as merely a mean Don't force something upon someone |
| Perfect Duty + Example | Completed entirely, blameworthy + Do not commit suicide |
| Imperfect Duty + Example | Never-ending and impossible to fully complete, not blameworthy + Duty to help people (always doing it) |
| Euthanasia | Action of killing someone or letting someone die out of mercy |
| Active vs Passive Euthanasia | Active: taking direction action in ending life Passive: refuse to prevent one's death |
| Euthanasia - Voluntary - Non-voluntary - Involuntary | - want to die - unable to decide - does not want to die |
| Traditional Doctrine (active vs passive) | Active is never okay and passive is sometimes acceptable |
| Rachels opinion and argument on active vs passive | *Active is sometimes morally preferable Passive prolongs suffering. It is wrong to prolong suffering. Active is better |
| Rachels opinion and example of killing vs letting die + Objection | *No moral difference* Smith and Jones - both are bad + Sledgehammer effect: too extreme a case |
| Sledgehammer effect | A factor that usually makes a difference is masked by other factors Ex. Fragility of egg and peanut |
| Foot Agent of one's death + Examples | Intentionally originate the sequence of events leading to the death + Rescue I and Rescue II There is a difference |
| Foot on MORAL difference of being agent (Rights) | *Is a moral difference* Duty to preserve the rights of others to the highest possible degree. I: rights of 5 saved > 1 to be saved Negative duties outweigh positive duties II: right of 5 saved < 1 not be killed |
| Foot on MORAL difference of being agent (Of the end in itself) | II: You treat man in road as "merely as means" to get to the others Morally wrong to do that according to Kants |
| Objection to Foot | Transplant Suregon Treatable guy -Kill for organs (agent) -Don't treat (not agent) No difference |
| Conditions of Oregon's Death with Dignity Act | Competent adult and resident Two doctors say less than 2 months to live Two written requests, 15 days apart, with 2 witness (one not related) |
| Main argument FOR Oregon PAS | Promotes and respect autonomy of human beings by getting choices |
| Autonomy | Person's ability to make decisions for himself and decide what will happen to his own body |
| Kass's Argument Against PAS + Example | *Tragically Self-Contradictory* Destroys autonomy by destroys one's ability to make decisions (because they're dead) + Selling one's self into slavery |
| Hard-line Libertarian response to Kass (self-contradictory) | Maybe it's not so absurd to allow one to selling one's self into slavery If a competent adult wants to? |
| Gill's response to Kass (self-contradictory) | Person is going to die soon anyway therefore destorying autonomy Why not allow meaningful (big) decisions while they still can Respect is letting determine their own fate |
| Natural Law Theory | Objective, value-based, non-consequentialist (more than just outcome) |
| NLT Intrinsic goods and why are they | Life, procreation, social relations, knowledge Because it is human nature to pursue goals |
| Doctrine of Double Effect | Doing harm is worse than allowing harm to occur Act with harm if: - Evil is not out of proportion to the good - impossible to bring about good without evil - evil is not intended (side-effect) |
| DDE Cases | Trolley: let 5 die or throw a switch and kill 1 Large Man: let 5 die or push a man over the bridge and kill him |
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