2477705
Description
Flashcards by Angel Nicole , updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Angel Nicole
about 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Culture Relationships Discuss Research into the influence of culture on romantic relationships ? | Studies Epstein > cultures with reduced mobility worked well (lower divorce) Xiahhe & Whyte > women with freedom of choice were happier (marital stability) Myers et al > no difference in maritial satisfaction when compared to indian arranged marriages |
| GRENADE G > Fails to consider that men also have freedom of choice in Western culture R > Simplistic, doesn't explore complexity of Romantic Relationships E> Real life application - not replicable N> Focuses more on Nurture & beliefs A> Studies only carried out on humans D > Deterministic - assumes couples in non-voluntary marriages can control marital satisfaction in a marriage they had no say in E > American culture used to generalise Western cultures | Real life example Just because people in Western Cultures get a choice who they marry doesn't mean it will last - constant references to celebrities getting divorced and broken marriages on TV. |
| Childhood & Adolescence Discuss the influence of childhood and/or adolescent experiences on adult relationships ? | Studies/Theories Temperament hypothesis - determined by personality factors, suggests dating improves relationships and time of dating Internal Working Model- Shaver et al > three systems; attachment (Bolwby) caregiving, and sexuality. Fraley - link between attachement type and later attachement ( meta - analysis - correlation =0.1-0.5 ) |
| GRENADE G> Equal focus on both Male and Female R> Cognitive approach - fails to consider other approaches E> Real life studies- more internal validity N> Focus greater on Nurture A> All studies carried out on humans D> Deterministic fails to explain those who have bad relationships in their childhood but go on to have successful marriages E> Many studies carried out on Western Cultures, cannot be generalised to Non Western | Real Life Examples Explains why some women are in domestic and violent relationships because they were abused as children and therefore abuse has become a conditioned response. |
| Formation Outline and evaluate one theory of the formation of romantic relationships | Theories/ Studies Filter Model - Attractiveness, Similarity, Personality - filter out desirables Reward/Need Satisfaction > direct reinforcement (operant conditioning) rewarding stimuli- desirable outcome Classical Conditioning > e.g. compliments - positive feelings should outweigh negative (Griffitt & Guay; Ratings - higher when rewarded) Cate et al > 337 Participants assess Rewards/ Needs in current relationship - rewards important. ( Sheddon et al - Need satisfaction - Facebook = connectedness |
| GRENADE G> Equal focus on both sexes R> cognitive approach - fails to consider alternative E> Some lab experiments = demand characteristics N > Fails to consider nurture - e.g. parental influence/ peers A > All human studies D> Fails to consider free will; some individuals may choose a persons needs over rewards E> doesn't account for other cultures, some cultures more focused on needs | Real Life Example Friends with benefits - Form relationships not necessarily out of love but often on the basis of the rewards that they receive |
| Breakdown Discuss research into the breakdown of romantic relationships | Studies Rollie & Duck > 6 steps; Dissatisfaction, Intra Psychic Process (faults), Dyadic process (confront),Social process, Grave dressing, Resurrection Duck > 3 reasons; Affair, Lack of skill & stimulation Tashiro & Frazier > surveyed students - reported emotional distress/personal growth (grave dressing/ resurrection) Boekhout et al > undergrads rate reasons (unfaithfulness, boredom , lack of attention) |
| GRENADE G > ignores gender differences - women stress unhappiness, men withhold sex, women want to stay friends - men don't R> model stresses the importance of communication E > Survey/Ratings - some participants may not be honest - lacks internal validity N> focuses on nurture A> Studies carried out on humans D> Free will - some may choose to fix problems - CCET - Couples Coping Enhancement Training E> Focus greater on Western | Real Life Example People who are recently divorced but are able to engage in new relationships - Grave dressing process and Resurrection |
| Sexual Selection/ Human Reproductive Behaviour Discuss the relationship between sexual selection and human reproductive behaviour | Studies/ Theories Intra sexual/ Intersexual > Intra - evolutionary - compete Inter - innate preferences - characteristics Buss >37 cultures, 10,000 couples ( Women seek finance while men seek attractiveness Clarke & Hatfield> 75% males willing to have sex with attractive stranger Miller et al > Women dancers earned twice as much tip when fertile |
| GRENADE G> Woman equally have one night stands R> considers elements of the evolutionary approach E> larger samples sizes improve validity, harder to control extraneous variables N> considers aspects of both Nature and Nurture but focus is greater on Nurture A> All human studies - ecological validity D> Fails to consider free will - do not base relationship on attractiveness/finance E > High in population validity - 37 cultures | Real Life Example Explains friends with benefits Does not account for men who choose to refrain from sex Explains why often older men are with younger women - vise versa |
| Maintenance Outline and evaluate one theory of the maintenance of Romantic Relationships | Studies/ Theories Thibaut & Kelley = Social Exchange Theory > expectation of 'profit' - rewards greater than costs (Comparison Level- past and alternative relationships) Walster et al = Equity Theory > people strive to achieve fairness in relationship (maritial satisfaction) Simpson et al > if already in a committed relationship- judge new alternatives as less profitble (Women in abusive relationships) Clark & Mills > disagrees that relationship based on economics - Communal > respond to needs of partner - keep track of rewards/costs |
| GRENADE G> men also in abusive relationships R> Simplistic does not consider more complex factors e.g religion, race, counseling E> lab experiments - demand characteristics - lacks validity N> does not take into account evolution or biological therefore focus is on nurture A> All studies carried out on humans D> Deterministic - ignores social aspects E> Focus on Western - cannot be generalised to Non - Western | Real Life Example Women in abusive relationships e.g. In Hollyoaks - Maxine stays with Partrick not only out of fears but because of him providing for her = rewards outweigh the costs |
| Parental Investment Discuss sex differences in parental investment | Studies Buss et al > US students = males more concerned about sexual infidelity whereas females more concerned about emotional infidelity Symons > investment for females higher than investment for males - maternal & paternal investment Anderson > fathers & stepfathers - invest and spent time with child and do not discriminate |
| GRENADE G> Single fathers R> Reductionist - ignore personal and social conditions that determine investment E> lab experiment - demand characteristics and extraneous variables - lacks external validity N> Fails to consider nurture - e.g. peer influence A> Human studies used - high in external validity D> Deterministic - does not offer alternative explanations E> US studieas - lacks generalization | Real Life Examples Single Fathers who invest in their child without a mother around Fathers who choose not to invest in their child despite it having his genes |
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