2495213
| Question | Answer |
| Life space | where a person spends his or her days and nights; potentially boundless, but limited by time, money, and health |
| Gates | movement from an inner to an outer zone (i.e. climbing stairs, walking, driving etc) |
| Mobility, what is it? what does it include? what does it exclude? | ability to move independently through life-space; includes held walking aids, excludes wheelchair or motor car |
| Immobility | impairment of the ability to move independently, limiting life space |
| Programmed movement | executed by a rich sequence of contractions and relaxation of countless muscles |
| Programmed movements are controlled by [3] | - A master command (i.e. to walk) - A start command (i.e footwear) - A modifying command (i.e. change of speed) |
| Causes of immobility [3] and an example for each | - Physical factors (i.e. fatigue, visual impairment) - Psychological factors (i.e. depression, anxiety, fears) - Environmental factors (i.e. hills, stairs, weather) |
| Balance | set of strategies employed in the maintenance of stability |
| Normal balance | ability to correct an unexpected large displacement in a short time |
| Dizziness is caused by [4] | - External linear or rotary displacement - Movement of head or body - Unfamiliar visual stimulus - Drugs or disease |
| Blackout | loss of consciousness or visual disturbance associated with ischaemia of the occipitalpole, as in vertebrobasilar insufficiency |
| Slip, what is it? what is it induced by? | acceleration and forward extension of the leg and backwards movement of the trunk and head; induced by low friction and faulty foot placement |
| Trip, what is it? Which way does the trunk and head move? | unexpected encounter between the moving foot and an unperceived object; slowing and flexion of the advancing limb and forward movement of the trunk and head |
| Drop attack | unexpected and unexplained fall during walking, followed by difficulty in rising |
| How do your eyes relate to balance? | subconsciously monitors position of body in relation to environment |
| How do your vestibulars relate to balance? | respond to linear and rotary accelerations of the head, registered by otolith mechanisms and semicircular canals, respectively |
| How do your vestibulars relate to balance? | sense from proprioceptors in the neck, trunk, and limbs |
| When an individual is recurrently falling, what does this say about their balance system? | Is it abnormal |
| In terms of displacement, when do falls occur | When the force and speed of displacement exceed the response of the balance mechanism |
| TRUE/FALSE displacement does not always occur as a result of external forces | True (e.x. rising from a chair) |
| Presbyopia | At 60, the lens loses its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances entirely |
| What happens to the pupil and lens of the eye in middle adulthood | Size of pupil shrinks and the lens yellow |
| Vitreous, how does it affect vision? | transparent gelatin-like substances that fills the eye reduces the amount of light reaching the retina |
| Three layers of the skin | - Epidermis: outer protective layer - Dermis: middle supportive layer consisting of connective tissue, giving flexibility - Hypodermis: inner fatty layer |
| Age spots | collection of pigment under the skin |
| Why do veins become more visible | the fatty layer thins |
| presbycusis | age-related hearing loss |
| TRUE/FALSE mens hearing declines faster; decrease in sensitivity to high frequency sounds | True True |
| Sex differences in fat distribution | Sex differences in fat distribution: females (waist and upper arms); males (back and upper abdomen) |
| True/false Large weight gain and loss of muscle power are inevitable | false |
| 3 keys that happen to the skeleton in middle adulthood | Bones broaden but mineral content declines, so they become more porous. results in a loss in bone density Height drops because of collapse of spinal cord discs Fracture more easily and heal more slowly |
| The midlife transition in which fertility declines is called ... | the climacteric |
| Menopause | the end of menstruation and reproductive capacity |
| 3 reproductive changes in middle-aged women | Production of estrogenic drops Number of days in a women’s menstrual cycle shortens and becomes more irregular In some, ova are not released and when they are, more are defective |
| 3 things that happen to the body after menopause | Following menopause, the reproductive organs shrink, genitals less easily stimulated, vagina less moist |
| What is the best predictor of sexual frequency? | Marriage happiniess |
| True/false Frequency of sexual activity declines slightly | True |
| What is a strong predictor of poor health | Economic disadvantage |
| osteoporosis | Severe age related bone-loss |
| Expressed hostility is associated with an increase in what 3 things... | cardiovascular arousal, coronary artery plaque buildup, and heart disease |
| Problem centred coping vs. emotion centred coping | Problem centred coping: appraise the situation as changeable, identified the difficulty and decided what to do about it Emotion centred coping: internal, private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about a situation |
| Hardiness | control, commitment, and challenge |
| True/false People often rate older females as less attractive and as having more negative personality characteristics than middle-aged men | True |
| Average life expectancy | the number of years that an individual born in a particular year can expect to live, starting at any given age |
| Life-expectancy crossover | at 87, surviving members of low SES ethnic minority groups live longer than members of the white majority |
| Passed what age range does the contribution of heredity to length of life decrease in favor of environmental factors | Passed 75-80 years |
| Cataracts | cloudy areas in the lens, resulting in foggy vision and (without surgery) blindness |
| Macular degeneration | light-sensitive cells in the macula, or central region of the retina, break down, causing central vision blurs and gradual loss; leading cause of blindness in older adults |
| In older adults, which part of the ear losses blood supply occur? | Inner auditory complex |
| In older adults, what loss has the greatest effect on life satisfaction | Speech impairment |
| What happens when seniors experience a stereotype threat? | diminished performance on tasks related to the stereotype |
| Compression of morbidity | : as life expectancy extends, we want the average period of diminished vigor before death to decrease |
| Emphysema | Loss of elasticity in lung tissue |
| Primary aging | genetically influenced declines that affect all members of our species and take place even in the context of overall good health (biological aging) |
| Secondary aging | declines due to hereditary defects and negative environmental influences |
| Frailty | involves weakened functioning of diverse organs and body systems |
| Diabetes | Not enough insulin is produced or cells become insensitive to it |
| Arthritis | A condition of inflamed, painful, and sometimes swollen joints and muscles |
| Osteoarthritis | the most common type, which involves deteriorating cartilage on the ends of bones frequently used |
| Arthritis is the most common cause of what? | Mobility problems |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | involves the whole body. An autoimmune response leads to inflammation of connective tissue |
| What factors contribute to diabetes? | - Heredity - Inactivity Abdominal fat |
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