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Description
Flashcards by Allandra Barton, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Allandra Barton
about 10 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is personality? | A fixed set of traits |
| What defines a personality disorder? | An inflexible, rigid pattern of of inner experiences and outward behaviour Interferes with our sense of self |
| How prevalent are personality disorders? | 9-13% of adults have a personality disorder |
| DSM-5 states you must be __ years of age, and personality disorders last __ | 18 years old Last your lifetime |
| Describe the ABC's of psychological functioning and personality disorders | A: Affect (range & interchangability) B: Behaviour (control) C: Cognition (perceptions & interpretations) |
| Describe the flexibility and rigidity of personality disorders | Characteristics are generally inflexible, and rigid across situations |
| Briefly outline the three clusters of personality disorders | Cluster A: Odd, eccentric, schizophrenia type behaviours Cluster B: Emotional, dramatic, affect driven behaviours Cluster C: Anxious, fearful, avoidant behaviours |
| What are some assumptions made by the DSM-5 in their categorical diagnosis of Personality Disorders? | -Can personality disorders be categorized? -Are traits present or not? (need to look at personality as a continuum) |
| Describe people with Cluster B disorders | -Borderline/narcissistic -Risk takers, high novelty seeking - May lead to interpersonal problems -Seek out demanding activities |
| What are some limitations in the DSM's assessment of Personality Disorders? | -DSM treats disorders as being separate from normal personalities -Personality should be on a continuum -Clusters are organized with superficial commonalities -There is high comorbidity and DSM does not take this into account |
| Describe people with Cluster C disorders | -Anxious/ Harm avoidant -Fear of uncertainty. Withdraw from relationships -Contrast with A (A is indifferent. C wants relationships, but is afraid of them) |
| Describe the relationship between genetics and Personality Disorders | -Genes are most responsible for personality disorders. -Genes may not account for specific disorders, but they do account for temperament. |
| What is Beck's research into the development of Personality Disorders | Personality traits stem from learned behaviours & emotional reactions to stimuli - Beck's cognitive theory found that pervasive, self-fulfilling, dysfunctional beliefs may underlie personality disorders |
| Each personality has these 3 general elements (related to Beck's cognitive theory) | Automatic thoughts (dysfunctional beliefs) Interpersonal strategies (thinking that influences behaviour and emotion) Attachment style |
| How are attachment styles related to Personality Disorders? | Influence child's temperament. (Disorganized attachment could be related to cluster A, while fearful = Cluster C) |
| Name 3 Cluster A disorders | Paranoid personality disorder Schizoid personality disorder Schizotypal personality disorder |
| Describe people with Cluster A disorders | -Not strongly motivated by relationships -Avoid taking risks (not afraid, just don't care) -Generally indifferent to social rewards -Odd/eccentric -Aversion to social relationships |
| What are some essential features of paranoid personality disorder? | -Persistent and persuasive mistrust and suspicion -Bias to interpret people's motives as hostile |
| Compare and contrast paranoid personality disorder and paranoid schizophrenia | - Paranoid personality is better able to assess whether their suspicions are based on reality -Sources of perceived threats for a paranoid personality are based on real people (rather than say, radio waves) |
| Characterize schizoid personality disorder | -A restricted range of emotion in social interactions -Few (if any) close relationships and no desire to create any -Difficulty picking up others emotions |
| What is schizotypal personality disorder? | -People with eccentric thoughts, feelings, & behaviours, as well as few social relationships -9 symptoms organized into three groups (Cognitive-perceptual, Interpersonal, & Disorganized) |
| Give examples out of the 3 different categories of schizotypal symptoms | Cognitive-perceptual: Ideas of reference, odd beliefs or magical thinking, unusal perceptional differences, suspicious ideation Intrpersonal: Inappropriate or constricted affect, lack of close relationships, social anxiety (that doesn't lessen with familiarity) Disorganized: odd thinking and speech, odd appearance or behaviour |
| Are schizophrenia, schizoid and schizotypal disorders related? | Yes-- they could all just be sub-disorders It isn't uncommon for a schizophrenic parent to have a schizotypal child Could all arise from the same genetic factors |
| What are some cognitive deficits of Cluster A | Problems with attention, memory and executive functioning Suspicions about about motives Pay attention and misattribute information |
| What are some possible underlying social causes of Cluster A disorders? | Physical abuse, neglect Insecure attachment styles Discrimination (may be a result rather than a cause) |
| What do Cluster B disorders generally entail? | -Impulsive, dramatic, and erratic behaviours which arise because of difficulty regulating emotions -Patients also tend to have other Axis disorders (substance abuse, depression, anxiety etc.) |
| What are the 4 types of Cluster B disorders? | Antisocial personality disorder Borderline Personality disorder Histrionic personality disorder Narcissistic personality disorder |
| What is antisocial personality disorder? | -Characterized by persistent disregard for the rights of others -patients violate rules or laws, and may act aggressively, and impulsively -Lack of guilt or empathy -Unlike psychopaths, they do have some affect |
| What is oppositional defiant disorder? | Kids who argue with authority, are highly irritable and disregard orders. Vindictive. Blame others for their mistakes |
| What is Conduct disorder? | Kids who disregard rules, norms and laws (before 13 years old) -Engage in behaviours that lead to arrest. Hurt animals, engage in dangerous sexual activity |
| How are oppositional defiant, conduct and antisocial personality disorders related? | An adult must have been diagnosed with conduct disorder as a child, in order to qualify for antisocial personality disorder. Otherwise they are diagnosed with antipersonal behaviour disorder |
| Do all children diagnosed with Conduct disorder go on to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder? | No. Most do not. |
| What are some neurological factors that can explain antisocial personality disorder? | -Small frontal lobes and hippocampi -Larger amounts of white matter in corpus callosum -Less activity in frontal & temporal lobes -Abnormal dopamine & serotonin levels |
| What are some psychological and sociological factors in antisocial personality disorder? | Problems with classical conditioning, and seeing people as exploitable "marks" Poverty, family instability, abuse, criminal parents, etc. all may play a role |
| What is Borderline Personality Disorder? | Characterized by volitile emotions, unstable self image, impulsive behaviour in relationships Emotional dysregulation |
| Describe how a personal diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder may act in a relationship | -May idealize the person in the beginning -Spend a great deal of time with the person -Reveal much, intense intimacy -Extreme sensitivity to any hint on abandonment -May feel alone even in a relationship |
| What are some underlying neurological factors in Borderline Personality Disorder? | -Small frontal lobes, hippocampus and amygdala -Dysfunctional anterior cingulate -Overactive amygdala -Frontal lobe issues -Low serotonin -High cortisol Typically neurologically suseptable to irregulation of emotion |
| What are some psychological factors in Borderline Personality Disorder? | -Dysregulation of emotion, sense of self, cognition and behaviour is key -Substance abuse and other such behaviours reinforce by providing brief relief |
| What are some social factors that contribute to Borderline Personality Disorder | Interpersonal problems are difficult and chaotic due to dysregulation Once a patient feels dependent, they fear rejection intensely |
| What is Histrionic Personality Disorder? | Excessive emotional attention seeking. -Overtly sexual/provocative -Rapidly shifting shallow emotions -Impressionistic, shallow speech -Easily suggestible -often believe relationships are more sexual than they are |
| What are some factors that are though to contribute to Histrionic Personality Disorder? | -Patients believe themselves to be special -believe everyone is an admirer -Sensitivity to negative evaluation -sense of entitlement -May have received too much or too little attention during childhood |
| What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? | Marked by a sense of grandiosity, inflated sense of self importance, expectation of praise and admiration -Overvalue of self, undervalue of others Fragile self esteem |
| Describe Cluster C of personality disorders? What are the 3 disorders in this Cluster? | -All share a sense of anxiety or fear. Avoidant Personality Disorder Dependent Personality Disorder Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder |
| What is Avoidant Personality Disorder? | A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feeling of inadequacy & hypersensitivity to negative evaluation |
| What is Dependent Personality Disorder? | -An excessive need to taken care of. Leads to submissive behaviour, and inability to take care of one's self. Unrealistic fear of being left alone |
| What is Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder? | Exactly what it sounds like... |
| What are the neuro/psycho/social factors that may underlie Cluster C disorders? | -Thought to involve amygdala -Fear and anxiety underlie all these -Temperament may contribute -Avoident or anxious attachment styles |
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