2645209
Description
Flashcards by kerryrandfield, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by kerryrandfield
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Fermentation | an enzyme-controlled respiration reaction that takes place in the absence of oxygen in living yeast cells (glucose > ethanol + CO2) |
| Denaturation | when an enzyme changes shape/structure so it is no longer able to catalyse reaction |
| Distillation | a method of separating miscible liquids which have different boiling points by evaporation followed by condensation |
| Distillate | the liquid which has been separated from mixture as a result of distillation |
| Isomers | compounds which have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae |
| Dehydration Reaction | reaction in which the elements of water are removed from a substance |
| Hydrolysis Reaction | a reaction in which a molecule is split up by the chemical action of water |
| Reversible Reaction | a reaction that can go in both forward and backward directions |
| Homologous Series | > a group of compounds with the same general formula and chemical properties > show a trend in physical properties |
| Catalyst for dehydration of ethanol > ethene | aluminium oxide Al2O3 |
| Uses of esters | > solvents > flavourings > fragrances |
| Catalyst for reaction acid + alcohol > ester | concentrated sulphuric acid H2SO4 |
| Uses of edible fats & oils | > energy stores > transport of essential fat soluble vitamins |
| Vitamin A | > strengthens immunity to infections > helps vision in dim light > keeps skin (and lining of some body parts) healthy > sources: cheese, eggs, oily fish |
| Vitamin D | > regulated body's amount of calcium and phosphate > deficiency can lead to bone deformities > sources: sunlight, oily fish, eggs |
| Vitamin E | > helps protect cell membranes > sources: soya, corn & olive oil, nuts, seeds |
| Vitamin K | > helps blood clotting > sources: green vegetables, cereal |
| Enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts |
| Essential Amino Acids | building blocks of protein that cannot be made by the body so must be obtained through diet |
| Flavour | mixture of taste and aroma |
| Volatile Molecule | a molecule that evaporates easily |
| Fibrous Proteins | > proteins that are long thin chains > make up skin and muscle > ( eg keratin, collagen.. ) |
| Globular Proteins | > form a bundle appearance > involved in maintenance and regualtion of life processes > ( eg haemoglobin, insulin, enzymes..) |
| Aldehyde | a molecule containing a primary carbonyl group (structural formula -CHO) |
| Ketones | a molecule containing a secondary carbonyl group |
| Reacting Aldehyde with Tollen's Reagent | (oxidation) silver mirror is formed |
| Reacting Aldehyde with Fehling's Solution | (oxidation) turns from blue to brick red |
| Reacting Aldehyde with Acidified Potassium Dichromate | (oxidation) turns from orange to green |
| Dihydric Alcohol | alcohol with two hydroxyl groups |
| Ways to Prevent Oxidation | > lower temperature to slow oxidation reactions (ie fridge) > prevent food from coming into contact with oxygen (ie vacuum packed) > using antioxidants |
| Antioxidants | molecules which reduce the rate of oxidation reactions by donating electron(s) to an oxidising agent. They are reducing agents |
| Saponification | the process pf making soap by hydrolysing edible ooilusing an alkaline soultion (eg NaOH/KOH) |
| Structure of Soap | > soluble in water (hydrophilic) ionic head) > long, insoluble in water (hydrophobic) hydrocarbon tail |
| Emulsion | a mixture of immiscible liquids - small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another |
| Essential Oils | concentrated extracts of the volatile, non-water soluble aroma compounds from plants |
| Steam Distillation | > a process where hot steam passes over a substance that contains an essential oil. > the steam causes oil to turn into a gas and passes through apparatus. > steam and oil vapours condense and oil is left on top of water |
| Systematic Name for Isoprene | 2 - methylbutan - 1,3 - diene |
| Terpenoids | terpenes modified with oxygen of functional groups |
| Free Radicals | atoms or fragments of a molecule with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive |
| Initiation Reaction | a reaction in which two free radicals are formed by breaking the bond in a molecule. (requires input of energy - UV light) |
| Propagation Reaction | a reaction in which a free radical reacts with a molecule to form a new free radical and a new molecule |
| Termination Reaction | a reaction in which two free radicals meet and form a stable molecule |
| Free Radical Scavenger | a molecule which can react with free radicals to form a stable molecule |
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