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Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is the WHO's Definition for Health? | "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" (being weak or frail, usually because of old age) |
| What is a Communicable Disease? | Diseases that can Spread between Individuals |
| What is a Non-Communicable Disease? | Diseases that CAN'T be Transmitted between Individuals (eg. Cancer, Heart Disease) |
| What are Communicable Diseases caused by? | Pathogens |
| What are Pathogens? | Organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists |
| Describe Ebola and its Transmission between Individuals | > Virus > Hæmorrhagic fever (a fever with bleeding) > Spread via bodily fluids > Transmission can be reduced by quarantining individuals and sterilising areas |
| Describe Chalara Ash Dieback and its Transmission between Individuals | > Fungal disease > Symptoms included leaf loss and bark lesions > Carried through the air by wind > Transmission can be reduced by removing young and infected trees or restricting the import of ash trees |
| Describe Malaria and its Transmission between Individuals | > Protist > Symptoms include damage to red blood cells and liver > Mosquitoes act as animal vectors (carriers); they pass on to humans but don't get infected > Transmission can be reduced by mosquito nets and insect repellant |
| Describe Cholera and its Transmission between Individuals | > Bacterium called Vibrio choleræ > Symptoms include diarrhœa > Spreads via contaminated water >Transmission can be reduced by access to clean water |
| Describe Tuberculosis and its Transmission between Individuals | > Bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis > Symptoms include coughing and lung damage > Spreads through the air via coughing (hello COVID my old friend) > Transmission can be reduced by avoiding crowded places, good hygiene and good ventilation |
| Describe (some) Stomach Ulcers and its Transmission between Individuals | > Bacterium called Helicobacter pylori > Symptoms include stomach pain, nausea and vomiting > Spread through oral transmission ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) > Transmission can be reduced by clean water and good hygiene |
| What are STIs? | Sexually Transmitted Infections that are spread through the saucy times... including the ultimate saucy time (sexual intercourse) ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°) |
| Describe Chlamydia and its Transmission between Individuals | > Bacterium BUT behaves like a virus (makes perfect sense) > Symptoms not always shown but can cause infertility > Reduced by wearing a condom when having the saucy times ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°), testing individuals and avoiding sexual contact |
| Describe HIV and its Transmission between Individuals | > Human Immunodeficiency Virus > Symptoms include killing white blood cells > Eventually leads to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) > AIDS causes the immune system to deteriorate > Spread via bodily fluids (eg. ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°), blood, ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)) > Transmission can be reduced by wearing a condom, not sharing needles you druggos and screening |
| What are Viruses? | > NOT CELLS > Protein coat around a strand of genetic material > Have to infect living cells to reproduce (host cells) > Life cycle starts when it infects a new host cell > Reproduce by lytic pathway, but some enter the lysogenic pathway first |
| What is the Lytic Pathway? | > Virus attaches to a specific host cell > Injects genetic material into the cell > Proteins and enzymes replicate the genetic material to produce components of new viruses > Components: Assemble > Host cell splits, releasing new viruses |
| What is the Lysogenic Pathway? | > Injected genetic material is incorporated into the genome (DNA) > Viral genetic material is replicated along with the DNA every cell division > Virus is dormant, no new viruses are made > Eventually a trigger (a chemical) causes the genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway |
| What are 2 Ways Plants Physically Defend against Pathogens and Pests? | 1. Waxy cuticle as a barrier 2. Cell walls (made of cellulose) as another barrier |
| What are 2 Ways Plants Chemically Defend against Pathogens and Pests? | 1. Antiseptics kill bacterial and fungal pathogens. 2. Other chemicals deter pests from feeding on their leaves |
| What are 2 Examples of Plant Chemicals used as Drugs to Treat Human Diseases? | 1. Quinine - Bark of the cinchona tree 2. Aspirin - Developed from a chemical found in willow trees (bark & leaves) |
| What are 3 Ways Humans Physically Defend against Pathogens and Pests? | > Skin acts as a barrier to pathogens (blood clots to seal cuts to keep this barrier) > Hairs and mucus trap particles that could contain pathogens > Cells in airways to lungs produce mucus and have cilia (hair like extensions) |
| What are 2 Ways Humans Chemically Defend against Pathogens and Pests? | > Stomach produces Hydrochloric Acid > Eyes produce Lysozyme |
| What is the Main Type of Cell in the Immune System? | White Blood Cells, specifically, B-Lymphocytes |
| What happens when B-Lymphocytes detect a Pathogen? | > Pathogens have antigens > Antibodies produced which lock on to the pathogen > Antibodies rapidly produced and flow around the body to find similar pathogens |
| What is the role of Memory Lymphocytes? | To give Immunity to Later Infections |
| How do Memory Lymphocytes Work? | > Produced when antibodies are produced > Remain in the body for a long time and "remember" a specific antigen > Body responds quicker to a second infection > Secondary immune response becomes faster and stronger > Usually gets rid of pathogen before symptoms |
| What is Immunisation? | Injecting dead or inactive pathogens to produce antibodies and memory lymphocytes |
| What are the Pros of Immunisation? | > Outbreaks of diseases (epidemics / pandemics hello COVID my old friend again) can be stopped (herd immunity) > Some diseases have been virtually wiped out (until Karen said no) (no one likes Karen) |
| What are some Cons of Immunisation? | > Isn't 100% effective > Reactions (including swelling, fevers or shower dances (seizures)) > Karen |
| What are Monoclonal Antibodies? | > B-Lymphocytes fused with a tumor cell (myeloma cell) creating a hybridoma > Hybridomas can be cloned to get identical cells > Cells produce the same Monoclonal Antibodies > Monoclonal Antibodies can bind to any molecule |
| Pregnancy Tests and other uses of Monoclonal antibodies in Guide of Revision Making | bonjourno. you appear to have flipped over a useless card. how embarrassing. you should be ashamed of your ignorance. anywai, i suppose you're just gonna go ahead and ignore this. well FINE. i DON'T CARE >:D |
| What are Antibiotics? | A type of medicine that inhibits processes in bacterial cells, but NOT in the host organism (for example stopping the building of cell walls) They DO NOT destroy viruses |
| What happens in Preclinical Testing? | > Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in a lab > Drugs are then tested on live animals |
| What happens in Clinical Testing? | > Drug is tested on human volunteers > Healthy then ill > Placebo and new drug tested |
| Bacteria practicals in revision guide | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ |
| What are Risk Factors? | Factors that are linked to an increase in the likelihood that a person will develop a certain disease during their lifetime |
| What are some Examples of Risk Factors? | > Smoking > Incomplete Diets > Not enough Exercise > Alcohol (whoopsies) |
| How do you Calculate BMI? | BMI = mass (kg) ÷ height² (m) |
| What is Cardiovascular Disease? | > Associated with heart and blood vessels > Cholesterol build up in fatty deposits > Restricts blood flow > Trigger blood clots which can block blood flow > Oxygen deprivation (not of the good unless you're a plant i guess) |
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