2713498
Description
Flashcards by ashiana121, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Why does it often take more than one enzyme to completely break down a large molecule? | Enzymes are specific; one enzyme breaks down a molecule into smaller sections and other enzymes break down these smaller sections |
| What is the name given to the individual units that the enzymes are broken down into? | Monomers |
| In starch digestion, what is the first enzyme called and where it is produced? | Amylase - by the salivary glands and by the pancrease |
| What does amylase hydrolyse? | The alternate glycosidic bonds of the starch molecules |
| What does this produce? | The disaccharide maltose |
| Which enzyme hydrolysed maltose into alpha glucose? | Maltase |
| Where is maltase produced? | The lining of the intestine |
| Food is taken into the mouth and chewed by the teeth. This breaks the food into small pieces, giving it a what? | Large surface area |
| Where is saliva secreted from? | The salivary glands |
| Which of the enzymes is in saliva? | Salivary amylase |
| What else is in saliva that helps amylase to work? | Mineral salts to maintain pH at around neutral - optimum for amylase for work |
| What does the HCl in the stomach do? | Denatures salivary amylase and so prevents further hydrolysis of starch |
| What secretion is the food mixed with as it passes from the stomach to the small intestine? | Pancreatic juices |
| What enzyme is in the pancreatic juice? | Pancreatic amylase |
| What does pancreatic amylase do? | Hydrolyses the remaining starch into maltose |
| What else is in pancreatic juice? | Mineral salts - again to maintain pH at neutral so amylase can function |
| What do muscles in the intestine wall do? | Move food along down the small intestine |
| Which enzyme does the epithelial lining of the small intestine produce? | Maltase |
| Maltase hydrolyses maltose into _______ | Alpha glucose |
| Where is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose secreted? | The small intestine epithelial lining |
| What is this enzyme called? | Sucrase |
| Why is it essential for foods containing sucrose to be broken down by the teeth? | Because sucrose is usually contained within the cells |
| What does sucrase hydrolyse? | The single glycosidic bond between glucose and fructose |
| In what products is lactose found? | Dairy |
| Where is lactose digested and by what enzyme? | Small intestine - lactase |
| What two monomers are joined by a single gylcosidic bond that make up lactose? | Glucose and galactose |
| Why do babies have large amounts of the lactase enzyme? | Milk is the only food they eat |
| As milk becomes a smaller part of our diet in adults, what happens to the production of lactase during childhood? | It naturally diminishes |
| However what can happen? | The reduction is so great some people produce little or no lactase at all |
| Because there is no lactase to break down the lactose when it reaches the small intestine, what breaks it down instead? | Microorganisms |
| What do the microorganisms release in large volumes? | Gas |
| What does this result in? | Bloating, nausea, diarrhoea and cramps |
| How can this be avoided? | By avoiding products containing lactose |
| What is the main problem this causes? | Calcium deficiency |
| How can this be solved? | Eating calcium rich foods or adding lactase to products containing lactose before eating it |
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