234 lec 10

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234 Flashcards on 234 lec 10, created by mark k on 10/06/2015.
mark k
Flashcards by mark k, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by mark k almost 9 years ago
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Question Answer
Attribution Process by which we make inferences about causes of behaviour or events
Attribution theories (3) -Naive scientist - Heider (1958) -Correspondent inference - Jones & Davis (1965) -Covariation - Kelly (1967)
Attribution biases (2) Fundamental attribution error Actor-observer effect
Naive Scientist (Heider, 1958) -People act like scientists trying to understand their world -Make and test hypotheses & predictions -Believe behaviour is Motivated -Make attributions to predict future & control it
Correspondent inference (Jones & Davis, 1965) Inference that a behaviour corresponds to or indicates a stable personal characteristic -Theory all about internal attributions, no detail about situational
-Why make dispositional inferences? Helps us predict individuals' behaviour across situations
Covariation model (Kelly, 1967) -Observations derived from multiple points -Make internal & external attributions -Assign cause of behaviour to factor that covaries most closely with it
Evidence of covariation (Kelly, 1967) (3 points) -Consensus: Everyone's behaviour (internal attrib. if consensus low) -Distinctiveness Whether Ss behaviour is unique to the situation or if they always do it (internal attrib. if distinctiveness is low) -Consistency Whether Ss always behaves this way in this situation (ext. or int. attrib. only if consistency is high)
Validity of covariance model (Kelly, 1967) Supported by research, However people tend to ignore consensus information and are biased toward internal attributions
FAE: perceptual salience We are biased to attribute causes to figures who stand out -assumed agency
FAE: perceptual salience (Taylor and Fiske, 1975) Observers watched conversations from behind one of the speakers, Rated the one facing them as in control of convo
Quiz game (Ross et al, 1977) Quizmasters rated as smarter than rest, despite obvious situational reasons for why they appeared that way
Castro speech (Jones & Harris, 1967) Pro or anti Castro speeches rated as truly reflecting writers' beliefs, even when the writers had no choice in their stance
Actor-observer effect Tendency to attribute own behaviours externally and others' internally
Reasons for Actor-Observer effect (2) Perceptual salience: What stands out more to you makes up your attributions Informational differences: Agents are aware of their own circumstances, but observers may not be ie. being late cause of traffic boss just sees you as late
Emotion 200+ mini theories, -Brief, specific psychological and physiological responses that help humans meet goals, many of which are social
Approaches to emotion Darwin James-Lange Cannon-Bard Two-Factor theory
Aspects of emotions (4 main) *Emotions are brief -Facial expressions last 1-5 seconds -Autonomic responses last minutes *Emotions are specific *Emotions motivate behaviour *Emotions are social -Promote adaptive social functioning
Components of emotion (2 main) Physiological responses (autonomic nervous system) Cognitive processes (Language, judgements)
Darwin's (1872) approach to emotion -Emotions are evolved adaptive functions (applies to expressions, not subjective feelings) -Basic continuity from animals to humans (eg. baring fangs/sneering, puffing up for a fight)
Commonsense view of emotion Perception - Feeling - Bodily response
James-Lange theory of emotion Perception -> Motor reaction/visceral arousal -> Emotional feeling
James-Lange theory: justification James: It is impossible to experience an emotion without the associated physiological arousal => symptoms ARE the emotion eg. objectless emotions
James-Lange theory predictions: Certain combinations of stimulation from the periphery will cause certain emotions
Peripheral theories of emotion Emphasise autonomic nervous system, rather than CNS, in emotion
Cannon-Bard view of emotion Perception -> Hypothalamic arousal-> Emotional feeling/Bodily response
Cannon's criticism of James-Lange1 (2) -Cats with lesioned spines can still experience emotion -Most arousal is undifferentiated, but leads to specific emotions
Facial Feedback (Laird, 1984) (theory & experiments) Feedback from facial muscles influences emotion: Those with contorted faces (including pens in mouth) rated stimuli more positively, cartoons funnier
Schachter & Singer (1962) Two Factor Theory Individuals attribute the emotional meaning of their arousal to their surroundings: 1) Undifferentiated arousal 2) Construal of arousal
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