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Description
Flashcards by Malachy Moran-Tun, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Malachy Moran-Tun
about 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What 2 Main Features make Exchange Surfaces as Efficient as Possible? | 1. Thin - shorter distance for the particles to diffuse across 2. Large Surface Area (to Volume Ratio) - more room on the surface itself for diffusion to take place |
| Why can Single-Celled Organisms Exchange Substances Easily? | > Gases and dissolved substance can diffuse directly into / out of the cell > Large surface area to volume ratio > Enough substances can be exchanged across the membrane to supply the cell |
| Why can't Multicellular Organisms Exchange Substances Easily? | > Smaller surface area to volume ratio > Difficult to exchange enough substances > Require some sort of exchange surface for efficient diffusion > Need a mass transport system to move substances throughout the rest of the body |
| What 3 Main Factors does the Rate of Diffusion Depends on? | 1. Distance - substances diffuse quicker when they haven't as far to move > Concentration Gradient - substances diffuse faster if there's a difference in the two concentrations > Surface Area (to Volume Ratio) - if there is more surface available, more molecules can move across, so diffusion is faster |
| What is Fick's Law? | Rate of Diffusion ∝ (Surface Area × Concentration Difference) ÷ Thickness of Membrane |
| What is Cellular Respiration? | A series of chemical reactions by which our bodies release energy from glucose, used for metabolic processes, contracting muscles, and maintaining a steady body temperature |
| What are the Two Types of Respiration? | 1. Ærobic - in the presence of O₂ 2. Anærobic - without the presence of O₂ |
| Is Respiration Exothermic or Endothermic? | Exothermic since some energy is transferred out cells by heating, which helps keep animals warm |
| What is the Word and Symbol Equation for Ærobic Respiration? | Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O |
| What is the Site for Ærobic Respiration and why? | > Mitochondria > Folded membrane to increase the surface area > Increases enzyme activity |
| What is Anærobic Respiration? | > Respiration without oxygen > Happens during strenuous exercise - oxygen is being used up faster than it is being replaced |
| What is the Word Equation for Anærobic Respiration? | Glucose → Lactic Acid |
| What are the Disadvantages of using Anærobic Respiration? | > Releases less energy from the same amount of glucose > Muscles begin to lire quickly > Lactic acid causes cramp > Oxygen debt - heart and breathing rate remain high |
| What is the Word Equation for Anærobic Respiration IN PLANTS? | Glucose → Ethanol (mmm) + Carbon Dioxide personally, i'd like to anærobically respire like this |
| core practique dans le guide de le revisions | yeah |
| What is the Biological Term for Red Blood Cells? | Erythrocytes |
| How is Oxygen Transmitted by Erythrocytes? | > Hæmoglobin binds to oxygen and releases it > Bright red when hound to oxygen > Dark red with less oxygen bound |
| What are the Adaptations of Erythrocytes? | > Biconcave - large surface area for absorbing oxygen > Hæmoglobin allows for the biding of oxygen > No nucleus - more room to carry oxygen |
| What are the 2 Types of White Blood Cells? | 1. Phagocytes 2. Lymphocytes |
| What are Phagocytes? | White blood cells that can change shape to engulf unwanted pathogens - this is called phagocytosis |
| What are Lymphocytes? | White blood cells that produce antibodies against pathogens. Sometimes antitoxins are produced to neutralise any toxins produced by the pathogens |
| What are Platelets? | Tiny fragments of cells with no nucleus that produce substances needed to clot blood at the site of an injury |
| What is Plasma? | > Liquid in the blood > Carries Dissolved Substances: - Glucose - Amino Acids - CO₂ - Urea - Hormones - Proteins - etc. |
| What are the 3 Types of Blood Vessel? | 1. Arteries - carry blood away from heart 2. Capillaries - involved in the exchange of materials 3. Veins - carry blood to the heart |
| What are Arteries? | > Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (apart from the pulmonary artery) > Heart pumps blood into the arteries at high pressure, so they are well adapted to coping with this pressure > Blood pressure in the arties vary as the heart contracts and relaxes |
| What are the Features of Arteries? | > Thick, elastic, muscular walls which are able to strech as blood arrives > Narrow(er than veins) lumen, which allows blood to travel through > No valves - the high pressure means that blood is unlikely to flow backwards |
| What are Veins? | > Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (apart from the pulmonary vein) > Blood pressure is lower than other vessels |
| What are the Features of Veins? | > Thinner walls than arteries since the blood pressure is lower > Wider lumen to allow blood to flow more easily despite the pressure > Valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards |
| What are Capillaries? | > Blood vessels that allow substances to exchange between blood and cells > Incredibly small > Deliver oxygenated blood to tissues |
| What are the Features of Capillaries? | > Wall only one cell thick to ensure the distance for diffusion is as small as possible > Narrow lumen to allow them to squeeze into gaps between cells to allow for the exchange of substances > No valves > Permeable walls to allow substances to diffuse in and out |
| How is Oxygen Delivered to Other Organs by the Circulatory System? | > Heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, which takes in oxygen > Oxygenated blood is returned to the heart > Heart pumps now oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body > Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart |
| Name the parts of the Heart where the Arrows / Lines Are | |
| Describe what happens to Deoxygenated Blood in the Heart | > Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the vena cava > Deoxygenated blood moves through to the right ventricle, forcing the valve open > Right ventricle pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery |
| Describe what happens to Oxygenated Blood in the Heart | > Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein > Oxygenated blood moves through to the left ventricle, forcing the valve open > Left ventricle pumps it around the whole body through the aorta |
| Which part of the Heart Separates the Two Chambers? | Septum |
| What is the Acronym for Remembering which Chamber of the Heart has Oxygenated / Deoxygenated Blood? | LORD: L eft O xygenated R ight D eoxygenated |
| How is Contraction and Relaxation of the Heart Controlled? | Impulses from the nervous system |
| What is Heart Rate? | Number of times the heart beats (per minute) |
| What is the Stroke Volume? | The volume of blood pushed into the aorta in each heart beat |
| What is Cardiac Output? | The total volume of blood pumped into the aorta every minute |
| How do you Calculate Cardiac Output? | Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume |
| Why is Heart Rate Lower for People who Regularly Exercise? | > Size of the ventricles and strength of the muscles increases in the ventricle wall > Stroke volume is increased > Less beats are required for the same cardiac output |
| and we are done | hooray |
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