3010069
Description
Flashcards by franziska.melzig, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by franziska.melzig
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Give some information about Britain before the arrival of the Celts. | Celts and Romans, 2000 BC to 400 AD |
| - oldest human settlements discovered in Britain: around 800.000 years old - remains of humans with fixed settlements: dating back 40.000 years - while Ice Age: no isle, part of continent -after Ice Age 10.000 BC : better living conditions (fertile land, warmer weather) | Stone Age/ Ice Age |
| - c. 4000 BC: introduction of agriculture and establishment of settled communities through arable and livestock farming => "Neolithic Revolution"/ Neolithic Era - traces: megalithic tombs (Stonehenge) | Neolithic Era |
| differences to nomadic lifestyle? -settled, agricultured lifestyle -requires given resources -living with neighbors -> social capability improved => prosperous time | Neolithic Era |
| - Bronze Age: c. 2500 - c. 800 BC - introduction of metalworking in bronze -creation of an axe industry - tin and copper needed for bronze - biggest prehistoric copper mines in Wales: Britain as "tin isles" | Bronze Age |
| - axe heads as good trading material - sacred and worshipped: sky and nature (animals like wolves, snakes,...) | Bronze Age |
| - Iron Age: c. 800 BC - c. 100 AD - innovations were iron, but also horse-power was important (chariots) - presence of horses used for riding on the Isles is well attested from 1000 BC (Uffington White horse cut into chalk) | Iron Age |
| - in comparison to Rome/Egypt: Britain had no temples, no palaces, no large cities - findings: cooking pots, pottery, human and animal bones | Iron Age |
| Who settled on the British Isles before the Romans came and how did these societies generally look alike? | The Celts |
| - when the first Romans entered Britain: presence of a Celtic-speaking, iron-using society organized on a tribal pattern - cultures shared a common culture with the Celts of continental Europe, groups who crossed the Alps and defeated Rome in 390 BC | The Celts |
| - Celts as the earliest group of ethnically and culturally identifiable inhabitants of the Isles Culture of the Celts: - wars among themselves | The Celts |
| - biggest achievement: iron (cheap, easy to make) - defendable homes at hilltops - clans bound loosely into tribes - iron plow: agricultural win - buried in holes in the ground | The Celts |
| - Celtic languages: most lasting evidence => still survive in Wales, western part of Ireland and Scotland | The Celts |
| Who were the Celts? - linguistic group, not an ethnic or racial one, Celtic languages as one of the main branches of the Indo-European linguistic family - modern name from Greek "keltoi" ( = strangers) | The Celts |
| war culture and religion: - head cult: located personality in head and decapitated enemies (brought their heads as trophies) - ritual murder: human sacrifices (burnt, drowned, hanged,...) | The Celts |
| -Roman Conquest and later Anglo-Saxon colonization: erased nearly all traces of Celtic cultures in the south and east of England, but not in Ireland | The Celts |
| - Celts in Ireland: static, traditional, oral culture, importance of kinship and local groups: no national identity as "Irish" - Welsh society in pre-Roman period: heavily pastoral, like Irish society | The Celts |
| . Britain around 40 AD: broad contrast between urbanized monarchical societies of the south and aast and the rural, tribal and aristocratic societies of Highland Britain (Scotland) and Ireland | The Celts |
| - many (south) tribes contact to Romans before formal conquest - trade: Roman luxury goods (wine) against British grain, minerals, slaves | The Celts |
| What was the impact of the Romans on the British Isles and its various parts? | The Romans |
| -Julius Caesar: two expeditions to Britain in 55 and 54 BC -first: landed in Kent, was weakened by storm damage to the ships -second: Caesar had troops: some tribes had to pay tribute to installed, local king => no tribute given after C. left (but gained prestige in Rome) | Roman Invasion - Context |
| Roman invasion in 43 AD: -Claudius in Britain 16 days, but in the next 30 years slow, constant conquest (piece by piece) -but after the Roman invasion: the Celts still held the far greater part of the Isles (Romans only ~30%) | Roman Invasion - Context |
| - various Celtic kingdoms lost their importance - Southern England: most Romanised section of Britain (lowlands) - in the North and West: Romans established only a military zone (Rom. vs. Celts), Ireland not conquered at all | The Romans - Context |
| -Romans built one culture to exploit the other -brought government & intercommunical intercourse & economy - oral culture hushed by Romans, no voice in this change | Roman Invasion - Impacts |
| Impacts: -Romans stimulated cultural and economical change -added only a few percent to Britain's population => BUT! gained a lot of influence to culture -imposed one culture upon another | Roman Invasion - Impacts |
| -most important impact: Christianity -opening up of Ireland to the Latin language and to the values of Rome through the coming of St. Patrick | Roman Invasion - Impacts |
| -advantages of Christianity: more personal religion, promised better life in afterlife (more positive, less punishments through God) - first half of the 4th century: "Golden Age" for Roman Britain (villas -> Roman model as idol) | Roman Invasion - Impacts |
| -what's left: few roads, ruins, few genes, Latin names, Christianity, literacy -created centralized economy | Roman Invasion - Impacts |
| How did the Romans try to protect themselves from the hostile tribes in the north? | The Romans |
| -invasion came to a stillstand in the desolate areas of what is now Scotland, where the Romans built Hadrian's Wall as a barrier against the Picts (tribes who lived there) | Romans vs. tribes |
| - Highland (Yorkshire etc.) never completely subdued - required constant military presence - construction of Hadrian's Wall as an indication of that - Britain needed more military resources than any other province within the Roman Empire | Romans vs. tribes |
| Hadrian's Wall: split Britain nearly to half, military base, traffic control, in order to defend their provinces => military forts (settlements next to forts) -most urban foundations in Roman Britain had a military origin | Romans vs. tribes |
| -letters: life in those forts boring, highlightless, no contact with natives -control natives: convincing native elite that you're superior (money, gave them Roman names and architecture) => local leaders gained power, Romans trust and influence | Romans vs. tribes |
| -Rebellion of Boudicca (widow of an Iceni King) in 61 AD was brutally suppressed -Iceni King split kingdom to half: Romans & Boudicca => Romans wanted it whole | Romans vs. tribes |
| -Boudicca was flogged & sisters raped -Boudicca rebelled and killed herself afterwards -Boudicca became icon of resistance | Romans vs. tribes |
| -great barbarian invasion in 367 AD: picts and Scots invaded Roman territories => imperial overstretch - Romans expelled 409 AD, Britain fought against Saxon invaders, broke decisively with Roman rule -end of the Western Roman Empire 476 AD | End of Roman Empire in Britain |
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