Source Reduction

Question	Answer
What are the regulatory basis for pollution prevention or source reduction?	RCRA 1. “a national policy of the U.S. that, where feasible, the generation of hazardous waste is to be reduced or eliminated as expeditiously as possible” 2. generators must… “reduce the volume or quantity and toxicity of such waste to the degree determined by the generator to be economically practicable”
What are the strategies for waste minimization?	1. product reformulation 2. process modification 3. reuse 4. recycling 5. housekeeping 6. segregation
What is process modification? Give two reasons to do it?	m
What is product modification?	m
What is reuse?	m
What is recycling?	m
What is segregation?	m
What is industrial process?	All steps of synthetic path - common materials to final products.
What are the principles of green Chemistry?	1. Prevention 2. Atom Economy 3. Less hazardous chemical synthesis 4. Designing safer chemicals 5. Safer solvent and auxiliaries 6. Design for energy efficiency 7. Use of renewable feedstocks 8. Reduce derivatives 9. Catalysis 10. Design for degradation 11. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention 12. Inherently safer chemical for accident prevention
Creen Chemistry Principle: Prevention	It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.
Creen Chemistry Principle: Atomic Economy	Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.
Green Chemistry Principle: Less hazardous chemical synthesis	Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
Green Chemistry Principle: Designing safer chemicals	Chemical products should be designed to affect their desired function while minimizing their toxicity.
Green chemistry principle: Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries	The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used.
Green chemistry principle: Design for Energy Efficiency	Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
Green chemistry principle: Use of Renewable Feedstocks	A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.
Green chemistry principle: Reduce Derivatives	Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ de-protection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
Green chemistry principle: Catalysis	Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
Green chemistry principle: Design for Degradation	Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
Green chemistry principle:Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention	Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
Green chemistry principle: Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention	Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
Green engineering principle: Inherent Rather Than Circumstantial	Designers need to strive to ensure that all materials and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently nonhazardous as possible.
Green engineering principle: Prevention instead of treatment	It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed. The treatment costs and produces more waste.
Green engineering principle: Design for separation	Separation and purification operations should be designed to minimize energy consumption and materials use.
Green engineering principle: Maximize efficiency	Products, processes, and systems should be designed to maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency.
Green engineering principle: Outlet-pulled instead of input pushed	Products, processes, and systems should be "output pulled" rather than "input pushed" through the use of energy and materials.
Green engineering principle: Conserve complexity	Embedded entropy and complexity must be viewed as an investment when making design choices on recycle, reuse, or beneficial disposition.
Green engineering principle: Durability rather than immortality	Targeted durability, not immortality, should be design a goal
Green engineering principle: Meet need minimize excess	Design for unnecessary capacity or capability (e.g., "one size fits all") solutions should be considered a design flaw.
Green engineering principle: Minimize material diversity	Material diversity in multicomponent products should be minimized to promote disassembly and value retention.
Green engineering principle: Integrate material and energy flows	Design of products, processes, and systems must include integration and interconnectivity with available energy and materials flows.
Green engineering principle: Design for commercial afterlife	Products, processes, and systems should be designed for performance in a commercial "afterlife."
Green engineering principle: Renewable rather than depleting	Material and energy inputs should be renewable rather than depleting.

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	Created by Baigal Tsolmonba over 8 years ago