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Flashcards by Oneka Sinclair, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ashiana121
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the three external factors that affect ethnic differences in achievement? | 1.Cultural deprivation 2.Material deprivation and class 3.Racism in wider society |
| What are the two main aspects of cultural deprivation? | 1.Intellectual and language skills 2Attitudes, values and family structure |
| What do cultural deprivation theorists claim children from low income black families lack? | Intellectual stimulation causing them to fail to develop problem-solving and reasoning skills. |
| Bereiter and Engelmann | Claim that language used in lower-class black families in the USA is deficient. Communicating by gestures, single words and disjointed phrases. As a result, their children fail to develop the necessary language skills and are unable to express abstract ideas. |
| What do some cultural deprivation theorists argue about some children who do not speak English at home? | They may be held back educationally |
| What may a lack of a male role model in many Afro-Caribbean families lead to? | Encouraging boys to form a 'gang-culture' |
| New Right thinker -Murray argues that... | the high rate of lone-parenthood leads to the underachievement in some ethnic minority pupils |
| How does Moynihan expand Murray's theory ? | Absence of a male role model in matrifocal black families means children are inadequately socialised and as a result fail at school. They become inadequate parents themselves and continue a culture of poverty |
| Pryce argues that | Black Caribbean culture is less resistant to racism due to the experience of Black History and slavery. Pupils have low self esteem and under-achieve as a result |
| Why does Kahn argue the Asian family is an obstacle to achievement, especially towards girls? | Asian parents take a controlling attitude towards girls and as a result they do less well than boys |
| Evans and Lupton argued that white working class pupils also underachieve because of .... | - lower aspirations than other ethnic groups - working class subculture - lack of parental support |
| What did Lupton study? | 4 working class schools with different ethnic compositions |
| What did the teachers report in the white working class schools? | Poorer levels of behaviour and discipline. Which they linked to The lower levels of parental support and the negative attitudes of working class white parents towards education. |
| Why does Evans argue that there is a strong pressure for white working class boys to reject school? | There is a street culture in white working class areas that can be brutal and is brought into school |
| What are the two examples of compensatory education? | Operation Head Start USA, Sure Start UK |
| What was the aim of Operation Head Start? | To compensate children for the cultural deficit they are said to suffer because of their deprived background |
| What was the aim of Sure Start? | To support the development of pre-school children in deprived areas |
| What are the three main criticisms of cultural deprivation? | Keddie - Victim blaming Ball - Cultural exclusion Cultural domination |
| Keddie - victim blaming | Ethnic minority pupils are culturally different, not culturally deprived and they underachieve because the school is ethnocentric (biased in favour of the white culture) |
| Ball - cultural exclusion | Minority ethnic groups are disadvantaged because they are less aware of how to negotiate in the UK's education system - resulting in cultural exclusion rather than cultural deprivation |
| What does Gerwitz expand the idea of cultural exclusion ? | Complex school application forms are an example of cultural exclusion practises |
| How does compensatory education cause cultural domination? | It imposes the dominant white middle-class culture on minority ethnic groups own culture |
| What is material deprivation? | Lack of physical or economic resources that are essential for normal life within society |
| Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are more likely to be ____ than whites | Poor |
| _____________ is higher for many minorties | Unemployment |
| Pay is ______ and overcrowding in the home more likely for ethnic minorities | lower |
| Which document argues that social class accounts for at least half the difference in educational achievement between ethnic groups? | Swann Report - 1985 |
| Which minority groups are most likely to be working class and therefore do worse in education? | Bangladeshi and Pakistani |
| How can racism be linked to material deprivation? | Members of minority ethnic groups may face discrimination in the jobs and housing market - more likely to have low pay/be unemployed - this affects their childrens educational opportunities |
| What are the three main internal factors that cause ethnic differences in achievement? | 1. Labelling 2.Pupil subcultures 3. Institutional racism |
| Why may labelling lead to under achievement? | Labelling - teachers treat them differently - children at a disadvantage - selffulfilling prophecy - underachievement |
| Gillborn and Youdell | Gillborn and Youdell found that teachers had racialised expectations about black pupils |
| How did teachers view black pupils according to Gillborn and Youdell ? | - Expected more discipline problems - Saw their behaviour as threatening. Black pupils were more likely to be punished than other for the same behaviour. |
| What did Gillborn and Youdell conclude that conflict between white teachers and black pupils stemmed from? | Racial stereotypes that teachers have (rather than from the pupils actual behaviour) |
| How according to Gillborn and Youdell can racial stereotypes that teachers have (rather than from the pupils actual behaviour) can cause underachievement? | - Higher levels of exclusions of black boys - Black pupils being placed in lower streams or sets |
| Wright and Connolly did studies on Asian pupils and found that ... | Asian primary school pupils were stereotyped by their teachers and treated differently. teachers assumed the kids would have a poor grasp on English and so they used a simplistic language when speaking to them - teachers mispronounced childrens names - teachers saw Asian pupils as a problem that they could ignore. This affected their self esteem. |
| Pupils may react to labelling by forming a pupil subculture. Who identified 4 types of black boy subcultures - Conformist, innovators, retreatists and rebels | Sewell |
| Give some characteristics of the conformists | Keen to succeed Accepted the schools goals Had friends from different ethnic groups |
| Give some characteristics of the innovators | Pro-education, anti-school, valued success but not the teachers approval |
| What name is given to a tiny minority of isolated individuals that disconnected themselves from the school and from black subcultures outside school? | The retreatists |
| Give some characteristics of the rebels | Small but highly visible Rejected the schools goals Conformed to the 'black macho lad' stereotype Despised white boys Despised conformist black boys. They aim to achieve the status of 'street hood' |
| Which subculture did teachers tend to see all black boys as? | The rebels |
| O'Donnell and Sharpe found a similar response in Asian pupils (explain)? | - macho 'warrior' lad among Asian boys - they despised conformist Asian youths as weaklings |
| Who did they study of the black girls in year 11 who continued to work hard despite negative labelling and didn't look for teacher approval? | Fuller |
| What did Mirza find about black girls strategies for dealing with teachers racism? | - e.g they didn't ask certain staff for help - this could restrict their opportunities - disadvantaged as a result, even thought they did not accept the negative labels |
| What is institutional racism? | Racism that is built in to the way institutions (schools and colleges) operate on a routine/unconscious basis |
| How is this different from teacher racism? | That is the conscious racism of the teachers |
| What is meant by ethnocentric? | Prioritising the culture of one particular ethnic group while disregarding/downgrading others |
| Which three sociologists have argued that the curriculum of British schools is ethnocentric? | Troyna & Williams David Bell |
| What did Troyna and Williams say about the curriculum ? | It gives priority to white culture and English language |
| What does David say about the curriculum? | National Curriculum is 'specifically British' - teachers the culture of the 'host community' |
| What does Ball say about the curriculum? | History curriculum in British schools creates a 'mythical age of empire and past glories' while ignoring the history of Black and Asian people |
| Who may minority ethnic groups suffer as a result of an ethnocentric curriculum? | They may feel as through they and their culture is not valued in education - this lowers their self esteem |
| Who did the study on governing bodies? | Hatcher |
| What did Hatcher find? | Schools governing bodies gave a low priority to race issues They failed to deal with racist behaviour Lack forms of communication with ethnic minority parents |
| Who found that governing bodies were disproportionally white? | Ranson |
| What did Gerwitz find that Asian parents did? | Self-segregation : avoiding rough schools with a rep for racism, opting for schools they saw as safe and with firm discipline |
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