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Description
Flashcards by Sarah Baldwin, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Sarah Baldwin
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Case Studies | research technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles (ex: Phineas Gage) |
| Central Tendency | average of a distribution |
| Confounding Variables | factors that cause differences between experimental group and control group other than the independent variable |
| Naturalistic Observation | the researcher allows behavior to occur without interference or intervention at all |
| Descriptive Statistics | numbers that summarize a set of research data from a sample |
| Ethical Guidelines for Human Research | 1) informed consent 2) voluntary participation 3) debriefing 4) confidentiality |
| Experiment | research method that involves manipulation of an independent variable under controlled conditions; only method that shows cause and effect |
| Experimental Group | group that you experiment on; receives independent variable |
| Hypothesis | prediction of how 2 or more factors are likely to be related (an educated guess) |
| Inferential Statistics | used to interpret data and draw conclusions |
| Normal Distribution | represented by a normal (bell) curve; mean, median, and mode all equal |
| Placebo | physical/psychological treatment given to control group that represents the treatment given to experimental group; however, no active ingredients |
| Population | all of the individuals in the group to which the study applies |
| Quantitative Data | information can be reported as numbers for ease of handling |
| Quasi-experiment | measure of dependent variable when random assignment to groups isn't possible; can suggest cause and effect |
| Random Assignment | division of the sample in an experiment into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen (not possible for studies) |
| Random Selection | every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen for any group |
| Reliability | consistency of results (when repeated, results are the same) |
| Skewed Distribution | most scores squeezed into one end of distribution, "tail" made up of others; positively skewed if tail points right, negative if tail points left |
| Surveys | descriptive method; questionnaires or interviews |
| Researcher Bias | tendency for researchers to look for evidence that supports their hypothesis (ignore evidence that contradicts) |
| Participant Bias | tendency for participants to respond in a certain way because they know they're being observed |
| Correlation Studies | researchers observe or measure a relationship between variables |
| Correlation Coefficient | a number value that indicates the strength and direction of relationship between two variables |
| Positive Correlation | +1.00; means that two variables move together in the same direction (smoking and lung cancer) |
| Negative Correlation | -1.00; two variables move together in opposite directions (education and hard labor) |
| Zero Correlation | indicates that there is no relationship between two variables |
| Longitudinal Study | studies a single individual/group for an extended period of time (can be expensive and time-consuming) |
| Cross-sectional Study | compares individuals at various ages at one point in time ("one and done") |
| Random Assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance |
| Dependent Variable | what is being measured in an experiment (depends on the variable) |
| Operational Definitions | statement of procedures which includes the independent variable, dependent variable, etc. |
| Mean | the average of a set of scores |
| Median | The very middle of a set of scores (in order from least to greatest) |
| Mode | a number that occurs the most often in a set of numbers |
| 68 - 95 - 99.7 Rule | 68% of all scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% fall within two standard deviations, 99.7% fall within three standard deviations |
| Standard Deviation | shows how far scores vary from the mean |
| Ethical Principles for Animal Research | 1) research must have a clear, scientific purpose 2) provide humane living conditions for animals 3) legally obtain animals 4) allow animals the least amount of suffering/pain |
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