Vertebrates

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Vertebrates	More complex than invertebrates. Belong to the phylum chordata.
Plylum Chordata	Bilateral symmetry - Notochord - Dorsal nerve cord - Pharingeal clefts - Postanal tail
Phylum Chordata Subgroups	- Urochordates: Marine animals. Characteristics of vertebrates only on larvae stage. In adult stage are sessile. Pharingeal clefts: Filtration - Cephalocordates: Marine. Vertebrates characteristics all their life. - Vertebrates
Groups of vertebrates	- Fish - Amphibians - Reptiles - Birds - Mammals
Evolution of vertebrates	- Ostrocoderms: Without jaw. - Placoderms: With jaw. Armoured fish. - Amphibians - Reptiles: Didn't need to live in water. Their eggs are amniotic. - Mammals: From Therapsids (quadrupedal) - Birds
Characteristics of vertebrates	A group of chordates. They are characterised by the replacement of the notochord by the spinal colum, which contains the spinal cord. Internal skeleton, nervous system and sense organs highly developed and specialiced organs to carry out vital funtcions.
Internal skeleton	Usually made of bones. Functions: - Protects the internal organs - Gives the animal a shape - Muscles are attached to it to allow movement
The nervous system	Composed of nerves - Brain Spinal cord
The sense organs	Extraordinary capacity to interact with their enviroment. Skin is a characteristic organ: function of sensation and protection. Scales, hairs or feathers.
Nutrition and reproduction	- Complete digestive system - Excretory system: Kidneys - Respiratory system: Gills, lungs or skin - Closed circulatory system - Sexual reproduction. Oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparus. Some experience metamorphosis
FISH	Ectothermic aquatic vertebrates with a head, torso and tail. Covered with scales. Most primitive: Agnathans (without jaw). Extinct, except lamprey. Later, fish with jaws. They developed paired fins.
Characteristics of fish	- Long, fusiform body. Their limbs are fins. - Air bladder. Regulates buoyancy and depth. - Lateral line to detects obstacles, predators or preys. - Eyes without eyelids and spherical lens. - Very varied feeding habits. - Depending on the composition of skeleton: cartilaginous fish or bony fish
Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish	Sharks, chimaeras and rays. - Cartilaginous skeleton - Dermal denticles - Mouth in ventral position. Teeth replaced - Gills - Do not have an air bladder - Caudal fin is heterocercal - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation.
Osteichthyes: Bony fish	Carp, hake - Bony skeleton - Scales Mouth at the exterme end: Teeth not replaced - Gill protected by operculum - Air bladder - Caudal fin is homocercal -Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation.
AMPHIBIANS	Ectothermics vertebrates with bare skin - Tetrapods - Lungs, but also have subcutaneus respiration -Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation. Metamorphosis: Larvae called tadpoles. - Adult, carnivores and tadpoles, omnivores. - Cold months reduce their activity - Two orders: Urodela and Anura
Urodela	Salamanders and newts - Long body: head with a neck, torso, a tail and four short limbs - Teeth in their jaws
Anura	Frogs and toads - Do not have a tail - Wider body - Extendable sticky tongue - Produce sounds - Toxic sustances for protection against predators
REPTILES	Ectothermic. Mostlly terrestrial, although some are adapted to an aquatic enviroment.
Characteristics of reptiles	- Horny scales. Some shed their skin periodically. - Four short limbs, expect for snake. - Sense organs in the head. Tongue is very important. - Carnivores - Two lungs - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation - Amniotic eggs - Hot climates Orders: Chelenia, Squamata (Orphidia and Sauria) and Crocodilia
Chelenia: turtles and tortoises	Hard shell over the head, limbs and tail.
Squamata (Orphidia): snakes	Reptiles without limbs. Shed their skins in order to grow. Carnivores
Squamata (Sauria): lizards	Five toes with claws Mobile eyelids
Crocodilia	Alligators and crocodiles Thick layer of bony plates Carnivorous
BIRDS	Terrestrial endothermic vertebrates. They can maintain their body temperature independently of the environment.
Characteristics of birds	- Adapted for flight. Fusiform, aerodynamic body. - Covered with feathers. Raquis, barb and quill. - Wings. Hollow bones. Lungs have air sacs. - Eyes in a lateral position.
Nutrition in birds	- Habits very varied. - The mouth has a beak and no teeth. - Beak shape and size related to their habits. - Do not chew food. Store in the crop. - Gizzard helps to grind the food. - Lungs connected to air sacs.
Reproduction in birds	- Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation. - Oviparous and lay amniotic eggs
MAMMALS	Endothermic vertebrates. Many live on land, but some are aquatic and some groups are adapted for flight.
Characterisitcs of mammals	- Body covered by hair. - Mammary glands. - Limbs adapted to the environment. - Carnivores, hervibores, omnivores or insectivores. - Breathe with lungs. - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation. - Three main groups: monotremes, marsupials and placentals.
Classification of mammals	- Monotremes: Oviparous. Leathery beak and no teeth. Body covered by fur. - Marsupials: Viviparous. Babies need to complete their development in a external pouch called a marsupium. - Placentals: Viviparous. In the uterus, they feed through the placenta.
Characteristics of humans	Primates. Placentals. Gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans. - Bipedal position. - Opposable thumbs. - Developed brain. Spoken language. - Only hair on some parts of the body.

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